Brand and Pepsi - 3309 Words

Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Decision Making Process 2 3.0 Need Recognition amp; Problem Awareness 3 4.1 Motivation 3 4.2 Motivation and Involvement 3 - 4 4.3 Promotion 4 4.0 Information Search 4 5.4 Culture and Subculture 4 - 5 5.5 Memory 5 5.6 Product 6 - 7 5.7 Promotion 7 5.0 Evaluation of Alternatives 7 6.8 Attitudes 7 6.9 Product 7 - 8 6.10 Price 8 - 9 6.11 Promotion 9-10 6.12 Personality 10 6.0 Purchase 10 7.13 Place†¦show more content†¦An example of this can be seen when the Pepsi Company held a â€Å"Fire Passing† activity that consisted of passing the fire of the Olympic Games in preparation of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. This type of motivational tactic enhanced the involvement of consumers and actually created an environment that suggested that Pepsi wants to be part of their lives. This type of involvement appeals to consumers and increases their favorability towards Pepsi. It can also lead to consumers being motivated to purchases Pepsi as well as create brand awareness. 3.3 Promotion Consumers can also become motivated by the various slogans such as: -Passport to refreshment -Pepsi has the taste thirst goes for. -Pepsi adds life. -The pause that refreshes Pepsi has attempted to make consumers believe that consuming a Pepsi entails a refreshing; exciting experience that triggers an emotional response that can only be satisfied with their product. Examples of this can be seen in their advertisements which perceive Pepsi to be the ultimate thirst quencher unsurpassed by other brands therefore consumers who see these advertisements may experience the need for a Pepsi. Image #1 ------------------------------------------------- 4.0 Information Search As the consumer becomes motivated to seek a solution to their problem of thirst, they engage in two forms of information search: 1) Internal 2)Show MoreRelatedBrand Equity of Pepsi3179 Words   |  13 PagesA REPORT ON BRAND EQUITY OF Submitted by: Amrapali Singh (11) Ankush Redhu (16) Anup Sharma (18) Atul Kumar Singh (27) Devanshu Mehta (36) Kalyani Barman (57) INTRODUCTION Pepsi is a 100-year-old carbonated soft drink brand loved by over 200 million people worldwide. The largest single selling soft drink brand in India, Pepsi is ubiquitous on just about every social occasion. In 1886, the US Caleb Bradman, a man with a plan formulated a blockbuster of a digestive drink and decided to call it Brad‟sRead MoreBrand Audit of Pepsi3823 Words   |  16 Pages[pic] BZU, BAHADUR SUB-CAMPUS LAYYAH DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MBA 2009-12, SEMESTER 6 FINAL TERM REPORT BRAND MANAGEMENT BRAND AUDIT OF LUX SUBMITTED TO: Mr. RASHID SAEED STUDENT GROUP AKHTAR HUSSAIN CHUGHTAI (MB-09-22) SANIA FAROOQ (MB-09-07) MUHAMMAD IHSAN UL HAQ (MB-09-02) ADNAN ASLAM KHAN (MB-09-28) AprilRead MorePepsi Brand Equity Measurement2815 Words   |  12 Pages1|Page Pepsi Brand Tracker (Project2 Part2 Brand Equity Measurement) PRAXIS BUSINESS SCHOOl A report Submitted to Prof. Srinivas Govindrajan In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the course Product and Brand Management On 03/08/09 BY Apoorva Jain Gunjan Dugar Hardik Mishra Manoj Mani Iyer PEPSI BRAND EQUITY PRAXIS BUSINESS SCHOOL 2|Page Executive Summary The objective of this project was to find out the brand equity of Pepsi . The parameters which enabled us to arrive atRead MorePepsi Evolution of Brand Essay examples694 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Smith 2/12/14 Professor Hanson BUS131 Pepsi Evolution of Brand When we think of Pepsi, we envision a red, white and blue circle, waving like a flag. But a version of the iconic logo that we now attribute to the soda didnt exist until over 50 years after the company was made. Initially named â€Å"Brad’s Drink† Pepsi was created in 1893 by a pharmacist named Caleb Bradham. It was renamed Pepsi-Cola, a title that was trademarked in 1903. Although the brands name hasnt changedRead MoreEssay about Pepsi vs Coke Brand Positioning943 Words   |  4 Pagesinsightful. 1. Interbrand Names 100 Best Global Brands http://www.marketingpilgrim.com/2010/09/interbrand-names-100-best-global-brands.html 2. What Pamp;G Taught Me About Brands http://maxbrandequity.com/Documents/What%20PG%20taught%20me%20about%20Brands.pdf 3. The Power of Brand Equity http://www.thinkingleaders.com/archives/964    Questions: Write what you believe are the current global brand positionings for Coke and Pepsi (the brands, not the companies)? Few other companies in theRead MoreFrito Lay : A Brand Name That Branches Off Of Pepsi Co1003 Words   |  5 PagesFrito Lay Incorporation is a brand name that branches off of Pepsi Co. Frito Lay Inc. is a brand which it specializes, markets, manufactures, and sells potato chips, corn chips, and snack foods. Frito Lays primary snack food that carries the brand name is obviously the Fritos corn chips, and the other leading products are Doritos and Tostitos tortilla chips and Cheetos cheese flavored chips. Depending on the region some snacks are more popular than others, for example Lays and Ruffles are demandedRead MoreThe Pepsi Of Pepsi Cola1373 Words   |  6 PagesPepsi is one of the most well-known beverage brands in the world. The Pepsi Bottling Group is a part of the larger multi-billion-dollar company PepsiCo. PepsiCo currently is the largest food and beverage manufacturer in the United States and one of the world s biggest companies. They offer a plethora of carbonated drink s, waters, coffee, teas, energy drinks, and sports drinks to consumers. Notably Pepsi is known for distributing; Pepsi-Cola, Mountain Dew, Sierra Mist, Lipton teas, Starbucks, AmpRead MoreMarketing Mix1452 Words   |  6 Pages  47). In order to understand the marketing mix one must describe the elements of the marketing mix, how each element is implemented, and describe how each one of the four elements of the marketing mix affects the development of a company such as Pepsi –Cola Company’s marketing strategy and tactics. The marketing mix is probably the best-known marketing term. The Four P’s According to  Mind Tools  (2011),  Marketing mix is a general phrase used to describe the differentRead MorePepsi Blue Case Study1521 Words   |  7 PagesPEPSI BLUE CASE STUDY: THE CHALLENGES INHERENT IN EXECUTING A GLOBAL RE-BRANDING CAMPAIGN During the 1990s, PepsiCo launched new products and engineered a global re-branding campaign in an effort to grow sales volume; reinvigorate their stagnant brand; and to close the increasingly large sales and market share gap between itself and its primary competitor, Coca-Cola. In 1993, Pepsi jump-started its marketing efforts by adding two brands to its portfolio: Crystal Pepsi and Pepsi Max. CrystalRead MoreCase Study : The Pepsi Company1170 Words   |  5 Pages The Pepsi Company In 1898, Bradham Caleb, a pharmacist, experimented using different chemical substances from spice, juice, and syrup. Eventually, he succeeded by inventing Pepsi-Cola (â€Å"The Pepsicola Story†). â€Å"The Pepsicola Story† article reported that Bradham enhanced his invention by adding mixtures of vanilla, kola nut, rare oil, and carbonated water. From a fountain in his shop, Bradham sold the mixture to people and it became popular. The customers named the product Brad’s drink, but he later

The Sociology of Health Free Essays

string(65) " to control their own actions and place no blame on the patient\." The Sociology of Health The socio-medical model of health The socio-medical model of health focuses on the social factors which effect an individual’s health and well-being. They believe each person should be treated in accordance to their own personal circumstance and situation surrounding there illness, rather than be treated as a member of a group suffering from a particular illness, and should be treated the same as each person within that group. The socio-medical model concentrates on social factors contributing to the standards of health. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sociology of Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social inequality and living standards are important influences on the standards of health. The socio-medical model suggests that the wealthy are more likely to have good health and suffer from less illness, and the poor are more likely to have bad health and suffer from more illnesses than the wealthy would. Things which could be factors contributing to ill health within societies with poor living standards, according to the socio-medical model are; damp or cold houses, lack of exercise, poor diet, lack of education and health awareness etc. The socio-medical model also suggests that the standards of health varies across different cultures, and that what is considered an illness in one society might be not be seen as an illness in another society. For example the contagious skin disease ‘yaws’ was so common in sub-Saharan Africa early this century that it was not considered a disease at all, it was considered normal because most of the population had the disease. The socio-medical model thinks that some societies also treat people with an illness differently from other societies. For example Australia does not allow anyone with HIV into the country, which is seen by most other countries as morally wrong and contrasts with the way people with HIV are treated in the majority of societies around the world. Time is another factor which the socio-medical model believes influences the standards of health. For instance cigarettes were promoted as being positive over 60years ago, whereas today smoking cigarettes is a well-known health threat. Socio-medical treatments for illnesses include looking at an individual’s personal situation, identifying the factors which have contributed to their illness or disorder, and removing these factors in order to correct or resolve the problem. For example a young man who has gone bald, from a socio-medical point of view, would be assessed and factors in his life such as great stress at work would be identified, this stress would be seen as the cause of his premature baldness, and they would try to help the man find a health way to vent his stress – in order to improve his condition. The biomedical model would view this man in a different way, they would concentrate on genetic factors such as premature baldness in his father, and put this forward as the cause in contrast to the socio-medical model. The biomedical model of health The biomedical model emerged after the industrialisation of the western world. New scientific discoveries and methods were being used to produce a new model of health which used new technologies and tests such as x-rays, biopsies and electroencephalographs in order to monitor people’s health. These tests aim to show ‘biological malfunction or irregularity’ in order to diagnose illnesses, which are then treated using biological methods such as drugs, operations, hospitalisation etc. (Ross Clarke, 2012). According to the biomedical model the individual is not responsible for their illness or condition, and think that illness is caused by; a biological breakdown within the individual (this can be things such as infections, genetic malfunctions, broken bones and so on) or by external factors invading the body – such as virus’s and disease etc. They believe every single illness has ‘one single observable cause’. (Mike Harris, 2008). The biomedical model believes that the cause for a certain illness in one person has the same cause of that illness in another person – so all people with that illness should be given the same treatments, no individual cases are usually taken into account. (Ross Clarke, 2012). The biomedical model refers to ‘good health’ as having no illness. If you have ‘bad health’ you are considered to be ill, or to have an illness. Treatment is given with the aim of correcting a malfunction within the body and once this malfunction is corrected, you will be considered to be healthy again. (The Open University, 2012). The biomedical model is the dominant model of health in the modern western world. It treats illness and ‘malfunction’ with the use of medication, operations, radio and chemo therapy, transplants etc. Some socio-medical methods of treatment, however, are used alongside the biomedical model treatments, such as the use of therapy. (Unknown Author, 2012). The different approaches to mental health and illness Mental health and illness can be defined and viewed in many different ways according to many different factors including; the models of disability, the culture, gender, social class, the time period, religion etc. (Ross Clarke B, 2012). The biomedical, or medical, model of health would describe mental illness in the same way they describe any other illness; that it is caused by one single physical/genetic cause. This could be things such as genes passed down from your parents, a bump or bang to the head etc. They believe that symptoms are caused by a physical problem within the person or in the brain and they group these symptoms together in order to diagnose an illness or syndrome. The medical model uses two classification systems of mental illness in order to diagnose a patient. These two systems are the DSM IV and the ICD-10. The DSM identifies the patient’s symptoms in order to give a diagnosis for their disorder, while the ICD-10 not only identifies the disorder and relevant symptoms, but it also tries to identify a cause. Andrews, G. , Slade, T. , Peters, L. 1999). The medical model of mental health describes people with mental illnesses as victims of their disorder, they see them as being unable to control their own actions and place no blame on the patient. You read "The Sociology of Health" in category "Essay examples" The medical model uses drugs and therapies in order to treat people with mental illness, these could be things such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, mood stabilisers, sectioning, institutionalisation, ECT (Electro compulsive therapy), psychosurgery etc. (Saul McLeod, 2008). The socio-medical model’s approach to mental health is a total contrast to that of the medical model. It believes that many of the treatments used by the biomedical model are inhumane and unnecessary, and that mental illness is a result of social and personal factors surrounding an individual, rather than as a result of a biological cause. The socio-medical model would use therapies such as CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy), client-centred therapy, family interventions, self-help groups, social and individual learning skills sessions and vocational training. The therapies used by the socio-medical model aim to give insight into the patients personal problems which could be causing the mental illness, they aim to give the patient unconditional positive regard, boost self-esteem and confidence (which may be low due to the negative perceptions of mental illnesses in most societies) and try to promote an independent life for the patient so that they can live in society safely, whilst still getting the care and treatment they need from community carers etc. (Coppock and Dunn, 2009). They believe the society you live in, your quality of life and your social class has a great influence on an individual’s mental health. They would say that due to the financial stresses and low life quality of the lower classes, this would make them more likely to suffer from mental illness. They will use the client centred therapy to identify the personal problems in an individual’s life such as marital problems, financial problems, problems in the work place etc. The socio-medical model believes that the medical model stigmatizes patients by treating all patients suffering from a particular mental illness the same. They believe that society has a negative perception of mentally ill people and that they should not be labelled as it is not their fault they are suffering from that condition. (Ross Clarke B, 2012). Besides the different medical models, there are also other approaches to the study of mental health. Sigmund Freud, and others who follow the psychodynamic theory, would say that mental illness is due to an unsuccessful completion of a psychosexual stage or due to a trauma in a person’s childhood, and that bringing their unconscious thoughts to the surface of the conscious mind (using psychotherapy) will eliminate the problem. Unknown Author B, 2011). Different time periods have also had different approaches to the study of mental illness. Early this century, for example, people suffering from mental illness were seen as being inadequate to the rest of society, a danger to their-selves and others and unable to live ‘normally’ within society. They treated these people inhumanely, carrying out horrendous treatments which often resulted in patients becoming emotionless and ‘zombified’. Before the 1950’s ECT was carried out without the use of anaesthetic, which was very painful and uncomfortable for the patient. Around this time people with mental illnesses were being institutionalised on a regular basis, and by the mid 1950’s there was a total of around 150,000 people across the UK in mental institutions. (BBC, 2010). People were institutionalised for a variety of different reasons, ranging from sufferers of depression, to violent outbursts (mostly among women) and then extreme things such as murder or suicide attempts. These institutions at the time thought they were providing the best form of treatment for their patients, but people in more recent times think that the institutions had an unpleasant ‘prison-like atmosphere’ and that they totally took away people’s rights, freedom, independence, social skills and self-esteem and confidence and that the treatments they used were unnecessary and inhumane. (BBC, 2010). In the late 1950’s – early 1960’s a more humane approach started to be taken to the study of mental health. The start of the NHS in 1948 meant that mental health would now have a more modern and humane view from society, the NHS started to introduce new treatments and therapies in the asylums/institutions such as ‘programmes of activity’ including craft and sewing classes ect, and also introduced an ‘open-door policy’, aiming to give the patients more independence and freedom. This new approach recognised that asylums were not necessary for all mentally ill patients and in 1961, a man named Enoch Powell tried to change societies vision of mental ill health and, as the health minister of the time, he vowed to close all mental asylums/institutions and to instead, release patients into society, providing treatment and care for them at home and in the community via community carers. (Adam McCulloch, Michael Fitzpatrick, 2011). It wasn’t until the 1970’s however that people stopped being admitted into the asylums and still took until the 1980’s for the first asylum to close. By 1990 100,000 patients had been released into society and mental hospitals started to become extinct. This was the start of care in the community for the mentally ill, as we know it today. (BBC, 2010). The modern approach to mental illness is that there could be a number of causes, whether that be genetic, organic, personal, social or a combination of either, and that sufferers should not be labelled, should not be considered ‘abnormal’ and that they should be treated just like any other ‘normal’ member of society. Ross Clarke B, 2012). They should receive sufficient care via GP/hospital appointments, care in the community and by alternative therapies such as family interventions, self-help groups etc. ‘User movements’ have also quite recently been introduced, this is a system which encourages the patient to work with a professional such as a doctor/psychiatrist to help choose the treatments they receive in order to make them feel more in cont rol of their illness or disorder and to help them feel more confidence that the chosen treatment will work. BBC, 2010). People with mental illnesses are no longer stigmatised or labelled and a majority of the western world have now accepted mental illness as a genuine problem which needs to be solved, rather than seeing it as a condition which needs to be locked away from society like in the early 50’s. References Mike Harris. (2008). Sociology of health and illness. Available: http://www. slideshare. net/Bias22/sociology-of-health-and-illness-presentation#btnNext Last Accessed: 06/12/2012 Unknown Author. (2012). What is the biomedical model? Available: http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-the-biomedical-model. htm Last Accessed: 06/12/2012 Ross Clarke. (2012). Booklet 3 – the different constructions of health and illness. The Manchester College, 2012 The Open university. (2012). Models of healthcare: the biomedical model. Available: http://openlearn. open. ac. uk/mod/oucontent/view. php? id=398060section=1. 6 Last Accessed: 06/12/2012 Andrews, G. , Slade, T. , Peters, L. (1999). Classification in psychiatry: ICD-10 versus DSM-IV. The British Journal of Psychiatry. v. 174. no. 1. p. 3 – 4 Ross Clarke B. (2012). Booklet 4 – approaches to the study of mental health and illness. The Manchester College, 2012. Saul McLeod. (2008). The medical model. Available: http://www. simplypsychology. org/medical-model. html Last Accessed: 06/12/2012. Coppock and Dunn. (2009). Understanding mental health and mental distress. Available: http://www. sagepub. com/upm-data/30675_02_Coppock__Dunn_Ch_01. df Last Accessed: 06/12/2012. Unknown Author B. (2011). Psychology 101. Available: http://allpsych. com/psychology101/personality. html Last Accessed: 06/12/2012. BBC (2010). BBC4 video – mental history of the mad house. Last Accessed 27/11/2012. Adam McCulloch, Michael Fitzpatrick. (2011). Mental institutions, Enoch Powell and community care. Available: http://www. communitycare. co. uk/blogs/social-care-the-big-picture/2011/09/mental-institutions-enoch-powell -and-community-care. html Last Accessed: 06/12/2012. How to cite The Sociology of Health, Essay examples The Sociology of Health Free Essays string(65) " to control their own actions and place no blame on the patient\." The Sociology of Health The socio-medical model of health The socio-medical model of health focuses on the social factors which effect an individual’s health and well-being. They believe each person should be treated in accordance to their own personal circumstance and situation surrounding there illness, rather than be treated as a member of a group suffering from a particular illness, and should be treated the same as each person within that group. The socio-medical model concentrates on social factors contributing to the standards of health. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sociology of Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social inequality and living standards are important influences on the standards of health. The socio-medical model suggests that the wealthy are more likely to have good health and suffer from less illness, and the poor are more likely to have bad health and suffer from more illnesses than the wealthy would. Things which could be factors contributing to ill health within societies with poor living standards, according to the socio-medical model are; damp or cold houses, lack of exercise, poor diet, lack of education and health awareness etc. The socio-medical model also suggests that the standards of health varies across different cultures, and that what is considered an illness in one society might be not be seen as an illness in another society. For example the contagious skin disease ‘yaws’ was so common in sub-Saharan Africa early this century that it was not considered a disease at all, it was considered normal because most of the population had the disease. The socio-medical model thinks that some societies also treat people with an illness differently from other societies. For example Australia does not allow anyone with HIV into the country, which is seen by most other countries as morally wrong and contrasts with the way people with HIV are treated in the majority of societies around the world. Time is another factor which the socio-medical model believes influences the standards of health. For instance cigarettes were promoted as being positive over 60years ago, whereas today smoking cigarettes is a well-known health threat. Socio-medical treatments for illnesses include looking at an individual’s personal situation, identifying the factors which have contributed to their illness or disorder, and removing these factors in order to correct or resolve the problem. For example a young man who has gone bald, from a socio-medical point of view, would be assessed and factors in his life such as great stress at work would be identified, this stress would be seen as the cause of his premature baldness, and they would try to help the man find a health way to vent his stress – in order to improve his condition. The biomedical model would view this man in a different way, they would concentrate on genetic factors such as premature baldness in his father, and put this forward as the cause in contrast to the socio-medical model. The biomedical model of health The biomedical model emerged after the industrialisation of the western world. New scientific discoveries and methods were being used to produce a new model of health which used new technologies and tests such as x-rays, biopsies and electroencephalographs in order to monitor people’s health. These tests aim to show ‘biological malfunction or irregularity’ in order to diagnose illnesses, which are then treated using biological methods such as drugs, operations, hospitalisation etc. (Ross Clarke, 2012). According to the biomedical model the individual is not responsible for their illness or condition, and think that illness is caused by; a biological breakdown within the individual (this can be things such as infections, genetic malfunctions, broken bones and so on) or by external factors invading the body – such as virus’s and disease etc. They believe every single illness has ‘one single observable cause’. (Mike Harris, 2008). The biomedical model believes that the cause for a certain illness in one person has the same cause of that illness in another person – so all people with that illness should be given the same treatments, no individual cases are usually taken into account. (Ross Clarke, 2012). The biomedical model refers to ‘good health’ as having no illness. If you have ‘bad health’ you are considered to be ill, or to have an illness. Treatment is given with the aim of correcting a malfunction within the body and once this malfunction is corrected, you will be considered to be healthy again. (The Open University, 2012). The biomedical model is the dominant model of health in the modern western world. It treats illness and ‘malfunction’ with the use of medication, operations, radio and chemo therapy, transplants etc. Some socio-medical methods of treatment, however, are used alongside the biomedical model treatments, such as the use of therapy. (Unknown Author, 2012). The different approaches to mental health and illness Mental health and illness can be defined and viewed in many different ways according to many different factors including; the models of disability, the culture, gender, social class, the time period, religion etc. (Ross Clarke B, 2012). The biomedical, or medical, model of health would describe mental illness in the same way they describe any other illness; that it is caused by one single physical/genetic cause. This could be things such as genes passed down from your parents, a bump or bang to the head etc. They believe that symptoms are caused by a physical problem within the person or in the brain and they group these symptoms together in order to diagnose an illness or syndrome. The medical model uses two classification systems of mental illness in order to diagnose a patient. These two systems are the DSM IV and the ICD-10. The DSM identifies the patient’s symptoms in order to give a diagnosis for their disorder, while the ICD-10 not only identifies the disorder and relevant symptoms, but it also tries to identify a cause. Andrews, G. , Slade, T. , Peters, L. 1999). The medical model of mental health describes people with mental illnesses as victims of their disorder, they see them as being unable to control their own actions and place no blame on the patient. You read "The Sociology of Health" in category "Papers" The medical model uses drugs and therapies in order to treat people with mental illness, these could be things such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, m ood stabilisers, sectioning, institutionalisation, ECT (Electro compulsive therapy), psychosurgery etc. (Saul McLeod, 2008). The socio-medical model’s approach to mental health is a total contrast to that of the medical model. It believes that many of the treatments used by the biomedical model are inhumane and unnecessary, and that mental illness is a result of social and personal factors surrounding an individual, rather than as a result of a biological cause. The socio-medical model would use therapies such as CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy), client-centred therapy, family interventions, self-help groups, social and individual learning skills sessions and vocational training. The therapies used by the socio-medical model aim to give insight into the patients personal problems which could be causing the mental illness, they aim to give the patient unconditional positive regard, boost self-esteem and confidence (which may be low due to the negative perceptions of mental illnesses in most societies) and try to promote an independent life for the patient so that they can live in society safely, whilst still getting the care and treatment they need from community carers etc. (Coppock and Dunn, 2009). They believe the society you live in, your quality of life and your social class has a great influence on an individual’s mental health. They would say that due to the financial stresses and low life quality of the lower classes, this would make them more likely to suffer from mental illness. They will use the client centred therapy to identify the personal problems in an individual’s life such as marital problems, financial problems, problems in the work place etc. The socio-medical model believes that the medical model stigmatizes patients by treating all patients suffering from a particular mental illness the same. They believe that society has a negative perception of mentally ill people and that they should not be labelled as it is not their fault they are suffering from that condition. (Ross Clarke B, 2012). Besides the different medical models, there are also other approaches to the study of mental health. Sigmund Freud, and others who follow the psychodynamic theory, would say that mental illness is due to an unsuccessful completion of a psychosexual stage or due to a trauma in a person’s childhood, and that bringing their unconscious thoughts to the surface of the conscious mind (using psychotherapy) will eliminate the problem. Unknown Author B, 2011). Different time periods have also had different approaches to the study of mental illness. Early this century, for example, people suffering from mental illness were seen as being inadequate to the rest of society, a danger to their-selves and others and unable to live ‘normally’ within society. They treated these people inhumanely, carrying out horrendous treatments which often resulted in patients becoming emotionless and ‘zombified’. Before the 1950’s ECT was carried out without the use of anaesthetic, which was very painful and uncomfortable for the patient. Around this time people with mental illnesses were being institutionalised on a regular basis, and by the mid 1950’s there was a total of around 150,000 people across the UK in mental institutions. (BBC, 2010). People were institutionalised for a variety of different reasons, ranging from sufferers of depression, to violent outbursts (mostly among women) and then extreme things such as murder or suicide attempts. These institutions at the time thought they were providing the best form of treatment for their patients, but people in more recent times think that the institutions had an unpleasant ‘prison-like atmosphere’ and that they totally took away people’s rights, freedom, independence, social skills and self-esteem and confidence and that the treatments they used were unnecessary and inhumane. (BBC, 2010). In the late 1950’s – early 1960’s a more humane approach started to be taken to the study of mental health. The start of the NHS in 1948 meant that mental health would now have a more modern and humane view from society, the NHS started to introduce new treatments and therapies in the asylums/institutions such as ‘programmes of activity’ including craft and sewing classes ect, and also introduced an ‘open-door policy’, aiming to give the patients more independence and freedom. This new approach recognised that asylums were not necessary for all mentally ill patients and in 1961, a man named Enoch Powell tried to change societies vision of mental ill health and, as the health minister of the time, he vowed to close all mental asylums/institutions and to instead, release patients into society, providing treatment and care for them at home and in the community via community carers. (Adam McCulloch, Michael Fitzpatrick, 2011). It wasn’t until the 1970’s however that people stopped being admitted into the asylums and still took until the 1980’s for the first asylum to close. By 1990 100,000 patients had been released into society and mental hospitals started to become extinct. This was the start of care in the community for the mentally ill, as we know it today. (BBC, 2010). The modern approach to mental illness is that there could be a number of causes, whether that be genetic, organic, personal, social or a combination of either, and that sufferers should not be labelled, should not be considered ‘abnormal’ and that they should be treated just like any other ‘normal’ member of society. Ross Clarke B, 2012). They should receive sufficient care via GP/hospital appointments, care in the community and by alternative therapies such as family interventions, self-help groups etc. ‘User movements’ have also quite recently been introduced, this is a system which encourages the patient to work with a professional such as a doctor/psychiatrist to help choose the treatments they receive in order to make them feel more in cont rol of their illness or disorder and to help them feel more confidence that the chosen treatment will work. BBC, 2010). People with mental illnesses are no longer stigmatised or labelled and a majority of the western world have now accepted mental illness as a genuine problem which needs to be solved, rather than seeing it as a condition which needs to be locked away from society like in the early 50’s. References Mike Harris. (2008). Sociology of health and illness. Available: http://www. slideshare. net/Bias22/sociology-of-health-and-illness-presentation#btnNext Last Accessed: 06/12/2012 Unknown Author. (2012). What is the biomedical model? Available: http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-the-biomedical-model. htm Last Accessed: 06/12/2012 Ross Clarke. (2012). Booklet 3 – the different constructions of health and illness. The Manchester College, 2012 The Open university. (2012). Models of healthcare: the biomedical model. Available: http://openlearn. open. ac. uk/mod/oucontent/view. php? id=398060section=1. 6 Last Accessed: 06/12/2012 Andrews, G. , Slade, T. , Peters, L. (1999). Classification in psychiatry: ICD-10 versus DSM-IV. The British Journal of Psychiatry. v. 174. no. 1. p. 3 – 4 Ross Clarke B. (2012). Booklet 4 – approaches to the study of mental health and illness. The Manchester College, 2012. Saul McLeod. (2008). The medical model. Available: http://www. simplypsychology. org/medical-model. html Last Accessed: 06/12/2012. Coppock and Dunn. (2009). Understanding mental health and mental distress. Available: http://www. sagepub. com/upm-data/30675_02_Coppock__Dunn_Ch_01. df Last Accessed: 06/12/2012. Unknown Author B. (2011). Psychology 101. Available: http://allpsych. com/psychology101/personality. html Last Accessed: 06/12/2012. BBC (2010). BBC4 video – mental history of the mad house. Last Accessed 27/11/2012. Adam McCulloch, Michael Fitzpatrick. (2011). Mental institutions, Enoch Powell and community care. Available: http://www. communitycare. co. uk/blogs/social-care-the-big-picture/2011/09/mental-institutions-enoch-powell -and-community-care. html Last Accessed: 06/12/2012. How to cite The Sociology of Health, Papers

Renewable energy Essays - Energy, Physical Universe,

Renewable energy Renewable energyis energy that is collected fromrenewable resources, which are naturally replenished on ahuman timescale, such assunlight,wind,rain,tides,waves, andgeothermal heat.[2]Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas:electricity generation,airandwater heating/cooling,transportation, andrural (off-grid)energy services.[3] Based onREN21's 2016 report, renewables contributed 19.2% to humans'global energy consumptionand 23.7% to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8.9% coming fromtraditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (modern biomass, geothermal and solar heat), 3.9% hydro electricity and 2.2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, andbiomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015, with countries likeChinaand theUnited Statesheavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels.[4]Globally, there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, withsolar photovoltaicsbeing the largest renewable employer.[5]As of 2015 worldwide, more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable.[6] Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast toother energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy andenergy efficiencyis resulting in significantenergy security,climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.[7]The results of a recent review of the literature HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" \l "cite_note-8" [8]concluded that asgreenhouse gas(GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies. In internationalpublic opinion surveysthere is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.[9]At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy m arkets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.[10]Some places and at least two countries, Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already, and many other countries have the set a goal to reach100% renewable energyin the future. For example, inDenmarkthe government decided toswitch the total energy supply(electricity, mobility and heating/cooling) to 100% renewable energy by 2050.[11] While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited toruraland remote areas anddeveloping countries, where energy is often crucial inhuman development.[12]United Nations' Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moonhas said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.[13]As most of renewables provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with furtherelectrification, which has several benefits: Electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency and is clean at the point of consumption.[14][15]In addition to that electrification with renewable energy is much more efficient and therefore leads to a significant reduction in primary energy requirements, because most renewables don't have a steam cycle with high losses (fossil power plants usually have losses of 40 to 65%).[16] Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper. Their share of total energy consumption is increasing. Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas There are many forms of renewable energy. Most of these renewable energies depend in one way or another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the direct result of differential heating of the Earth's surface which leads to air moving about (wind) and precipitation forming as the air is lifted. Solar energy is the direct conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Biomass energy is stored sunlight contained in plants. Other renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are geothermal energy, which is a result of radioactive decay in the crust combined with the original heat of accreting the Earth, and tidal energy, which is a conversion of gravitational energy. Solar.This form of energy relies on the nuclear fusion power from the core of the Sun. This energy can be collected and converted in a few different ways. The range is from solar water heating with solar collectors or attic cooling with solar attic fans for domestic use to the complex technologies of direct conversion of sunlight to electrical energy using mirrors and boilers or photovoltaic cells. Unfortunately these are currently insufficient to fully power our modern society. Wind Power.The movement of the

Revolutionary Choices essays

Revolutionary Choices essays Thomas Paines pamphlet titled Common Sense had me up in arms ready to fight for independence from England. Self government, anchored along with the whispered promise of protection from a constitution that made it clear that All men were to be created equal. I would have happily shed the yoke called "Duty" to King and Country. Having the opportunity to make choices, choices that would affect me and my familys future, and the future of all American mankind, I would have served as a Patriot without a second thought towards my Loyalist upbringing. In America's beginning, my ancestor's immigrated to this new world to seek asylum and peace. They brought with them a rich history of tradition and culture. They brought with them a sense of freedom. Unbeknownst to them they instituted the same ideas and laws that they were running from, into the minds of their children. The charismatic Patriots were very good at stating the obviousness of current affairs in the colonies, bringing controversial opinions to light. Encouraging all of us to sit up and take notice of what was really going on in our country. Apathy was the number one killer of free thinking. There were too many individuals that condemned the actual process of freedom. Young men and women were being protected by an antiquated way of life, shadowed by patriarchal control. The wars that were fought on our soil offered a fresh and often too realistic look at who was actually governing our country. Loyalist suspicions, against any one who tried to harness the thought of a fight for freedom, were whispered throughout our villages and towns. I heard those whispers and began to turn a deaf ear. Traditional religious views, although altered from the original design, accompanied my fore fathers to the new world. These beliefs could be used as a crutch for anyone who was afraid of change. Any free thinking, that turned young people away from the s...

Word Choice Adapt vs Adopt - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Word Choice Adapt vs Adopt Word Choice: Adapt vs. Adopt There are many English words which are spelled similarly but have completely different meanings. The words adapt and adopt, for instance, are separated by a single vowel in terms of spelling but differ significantly in use. In cases like this, it is important to use each word properly. Doing so will help you to avoid easily preventable mistakes and ensure that you communicate your ideas clearly. As such, we’ve prepared the following guide to help you know when to adapt and when to adopt. Adapt (Change to Suit a Specific Purpose) The term â€Å"adapt† means to make something suitable for a specific situation or purpose. You might therefore want to â€Å"adapt† a novel into a film or a recipe to make it gluten-free. It can also refer to the ability to adjust to new circumstances: Being able to adapt was important for survival in the jungle. In either case, â€Å"adapt† refers to making an adjustment of some kind. Adopt (Make Ones Own) The word â€Å"adopt† means to take something on as one’s own. There are numerous contexts in which this can be used, including taking on the legal responsibilities of a parent: Jenny and Jane decided to adopt the orphan child. However, adopt can also be used more broadly to describe following a course of action or appropriating an idea. For example: After reading de Saussure, Kim adopted a structuralist approach. In both cases, the key to understanding â€Å"adopt† is that someone is choosing to make something their own. Adapt or Adopt? Since these words have very different meanings, the main thing is remembering how each one is spelled. If you are having trouble with this, you might want to focus on just one of the words: if you remember that â€Å"adapt† is spelled with an â€Å"a† and means â€Å"to change,† you will then know that â€Å"adopt† (with an â€Å"o†) means to appropriate something as one’s own. But it can be easy to overlook these things, so to make sure that your writing is free from unfortunate mistakes, you can send academic papers, business reports or any other document you might need checking to the expert proofreaders at Proofed. We’ll even check a 500-word sample for free! And if you need more guidance on vocabulary, don’t forget to check out the word choice archive in our academic blog.

Publishing with contnet management systems Essay

Publishing with contnet management systems - Essay Example PowerPoint is a content management system and is employed for many tasks. It facilitates the users with publishing features. There are also rhetorical challenges that it offers to writers. Publishing with PowerPoint as a content management system facilitate the user with alterations in production and use of a document. The content management tasks performed by PowerPoint are content cutting, strong boundary-slides cutting, logical flow and many others related to STOP (Sequential Thematic Organization of Publications) document, Quick Scan, and Hypertext. The writers employ the technique of content cutting when they require fitting their text in a slide of PowerPoint. Content cutting can be seen as a rhetorical challenge to writers because they have to make sure that the content that is published is the most appropriate. Development of slides restricts the writers to use a minimized space for the display of their information. Writers and users of PowerPoint are also accommodated with strong boundary-slides cutting, which means that they are allowed to develop the slides according to their needs and requirements but they must display the information in an understandable manner that is easy for the readers to go through. Through logical flow, the writers are required to develop and publish slides in a manner that is logical. One idea or set of information displayed on one slide should have relevancy and flow with the next slides. The writers of slides face a challenge to manage the data and information in a logical flow. With STOP method of documentation of slides, the writers writing slides on PowerPoint can display more information in a single preview as two pages are attached and separated by means of a line. Nearly 350 to 1000 words can be displayed by means of STOP. The writers are challenged as to what kind of information and to which extent can they publish by means of STOP. Hypertext is a medium that allows the users and writers to publish their

Final Project Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final Project Assignment - Research Paper Example They do their best to try to educate people to see what they say are excessive incidents of animal cruelty by big companies, farms, and individuals. They promote vegetarianism and do a lot of advertising using celebrities and attention-getting themes in order to try to get their message across. They were founded in 1980 in Norfolk, Virginia and have now grown to be a large organization with chapters around the world and hundreds of employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PETA is best known for their advertising campaigns which often feature prominent celebrities such as Pamela Anderson, David Cross, and a great many supermodels. One of their biggest campaigns features these celebrities naked—with their private parts hidden, of course—under the slogan, â€Å"I’d rather go naked than wear fur.† Fur and companies that make or promote fur products have long been a major target for PETA. Other targets include the fast food industries and many of the travelling circuses that they say mistreat circus animals. These campaigns, which are often very flashy and attention getting, draw a lot of media notice and are displayed prominently. One of the more recent campaigns suggested that people should start calling fish â€Å"sea kittens† in an effort to change the way sea animals are thought of and to try and make them appear more cute. The line used in this ad said, â€Å"When your name can als o be used as a verb that means driving a hook through your head, its time for a serious image makeover. And who could possibly want to put a hook through a sea kitten?† Some of these campaigns are funny and interesting, but others have drawn a huge amount of controversy. In 2005, PETA launched a campaign suggesting farm animals are the same as slaves. They showed pictures of cows chained up and then pictures of black people chained up. After complaints, they removed the ads. It appears that PETA is