The Aztec Nation Essay -- essays research papers

The Aztec NationA distant sound is heard. It sounds like a deep drum being hit with a good instrument. You hear it again and strain your eyes in the direction of the sound. All around you is dense jungle. Snakes slither between your legs. You hear the sound once again. In front of you is a dense stand of ferns. You part them and look down into a wide open valley. The valley gets so wide and it is so unripened that it takes your breath away. But that is not what you are looking at. You are staring at a huge city with glittering buildings incandescence in the backfire sunlight. Smoke rises up from some of the many houses. You can see and hear children playing in the wide open fields in front of the shining buildings. Lamas and chickens are being bough and sold. You see bags of gold jewelery being bought and sold. Beyond the market place you can watch a religious ceremony. You hear the scream of a person being sacrificed to one of the gods. Beyond the city t here(predicate) are roa ds made of stone and canals full of pedestrians and canoos. Who are these wad and what are they doing here you wonder?The above paragraph describes what an early explorer in Mexico might have seen between 1400 and 1500 AD. The Aztec nation is one of the largest and most advanced Indian nations to ever exist on earth. Just about every part of the Aztec life was advance to such a state that at that time of the world the people were living better than many European nations. The Aztec nation is unique in its history, economy, environment, and way of life then any other nation at that time. historyPerhaps fifteen to twenty-five thousand years ago, small bands of hunting-gathering peoples made their way across the land bridge that was the frozen Bering Strait, migrated southward through what is at present Alaska, Canada, the United States, Central America, South America, and Mexico, settling along the way. One such hunting- gathering group settled in the Central Valley of what is now M exico (Nicholson 1985). thither is a long history of civilizations in the Central Valley of Mexico as early as several centuries before Christ agricultural tribes had already settled, and by the birth of Christ had established as their great religious center Teotihuacn. The history of the Central Valley after circa the tenth century A.D. is o... ... 1988.Hodge, Mary. and Michael E Smith. Economies and Polities in the Aztec Realm. Austin, Texas University of Texas Press, 1994.Len-Portilla, Miguel. The Aztec Image of Self and Society. Ed. J. Jorge Klow de Alva. Salt Lake City University of Utah Press, 1992.Moctezuma, Eduardo Matos. The Great Temple of the Aztecs. Trans. Doris Heyden. New York Thames and Hudson, Ltd., 1988.Nicholson, H.B. Aztec World Book Encyclopaedia. 1985 ed.Shepperd, Donna Walsh. The Aztecs. New York F. Watts, 1992. Stuart, Gene S. The Mighty Aztecs. capital letter National Geographic, 1981. Weaver, Muriel Porter. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors Archeolo gy of Mesoamerica. New York Seminar Press, 1972.Wolf, Leo. The Axtecs A tradition of Religious Human Sacrifice. March 28, 1998. Available http//www2.hmc.edu/sbootn/aztec.htm

Intergumentary System Essay example -- Biology, Organisms, Atoms

Organisms are composed of atoms that stool molecules which form macromolecules (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). These molecules join and form organelles which structure cell that for tissues (p.3). Tissues form organs and the organs working(a) together form organ system (p3). These organ systems make up the organism (p3). Each organ system has an important function in the body. These systems either work together in order to keep and support the conditions that the cells, tissues, and organs need to function properly. There is one system that is non as nearly known as other it is the intergumentary system. Most people know the organs of the intergumentary system, but they do not know that these organs work together to form this system. The intergumentary system is composed of the grate and the structures related to the skin, which include the hair, the finger nails, the sensory receptors and the secretory organs (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). This system has an important funct ion since it provides security to the body, helps to maintain body temperature, and contains sensory receptors (p.117). The skin which is the largest organ in the body and an organ of the intergumentary system has essential function such as regulating homeostasis and body temperature, also delaying the loss of water from deeper tissues, storing sensory receptor, synthesizing biomechanical, and discharging waste from the body (p.117). The skin has two layers the epidermis (outer layer) and the dermis (inner layer) (p.117). There is also a subcutaneous layer or hypodermis (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). According to Shier, Butler, and Lewis 2009 as its line indicates, this layer is beneath the skin and not a true layer of the skin. This layer has the blood vessels that su... ...se glands help to balance the body temperature (p.124). The fluid that this eccrine glands inscrutable is transported outside of the body by a tube that has an opening to the exterior as a pore (p.124). Ano ther sweat gland is the apocrine gland which is activated at puberty. According to Shier, Butler, and Lewis 2009 these glands secrete by the same mechanism as eccrine glands, usually when a person is emotionally upset, frightened, in pain, or during sexual arousal. Other sweat glands are seruminous glands which secret, and the female mammary glands which secrete milk (p.124).The nails which are another accessory of the skin cover and give protection to the end of fingers and toes (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2009). The nails have a lunula which is the area of growth in the nail (p.122). This means that if the lunula is damaged the nail probably will not growth again.

Communism :: Communism Essays

Communism is a very abortive political theory. It has never been in practice in the United States of America. It has usually been rigid in practice among very unstable political environments such as Cuba and China. The general consensus on communism is that its a very good nous but falls short in practice because people have and always like to make decisions for themselves.Karl Marx is known as the Father of communism. He is acknowledge for this because in 1848 he wrote the Communist Manifesto. It is the basis for communism that has and is currently in practice, even though there are many different forms of communism.Many communists take that capitalism encourages the exploitation of the poor by the rich for cheap labor. Another communistic belief is that communism itself encourages workers to organize and to take over the political and scotch world. Communists also believe that class privilege and every other vestige of this present system of economic exploitation and military organization and preparation moldiness be eliminated. In order to explain this, you must understand that by class privilege they mean that their should be no poor, and no rich, that everyone gets the same opportunities as the next individual, and that by vestige of economic exploitation of this system of economic exploitation and military organization, they mean that their should be no trace or spot of the working class being exploited by the richer or more powerful.There were some very intriguing and thought provoking quotes in the book. superstar is Capitalism did not arise because capitalists stole the land or the workmens tools, but because it was more efficient than feudalism. It will perish because it is not merely slight efficient than socialism, but because it is self destructive-J.B.

Coastal Erosion :: science

Coastal ErosionWith Reference to examples discuss the view that coastal erosion is caused by human intervention as a make up to natural emergencees.For many decades the approach to rapid coastal erosion was to build up sea defenses, to try and slow down or even cease the erosion. Initially the attempts were thought a success, however after some old age it was realized that the power of the sea and waves could overcome human attempts. Only could treasureion be a success if huge costs were going to be involved. Many methods around the British Isles have taken place in he endure 50 years with many failures occurring. It is very rare to find a coastline that shows a decrease in the rate of erosion over many years after defenses are in place. In fact in places the defenses seem to have speeded up the erosion process. Coastal erosion is a natural process of erosion, transportation and deposition, interfering with this balance could be to blame for the rise in erosion on the coasts of some areas. Groynes have been built out to sea in many areas of the British coastline. Their aim is to trap material and thus slow down the rate of long shore drift. However, these groynes in some areas are been unredeemed for the rise in erosion rates further down the coast. On the Holderness coastline in Humberside, erosion is taking place at a rate of most 2 meters per year. Along this coast there is a strong action of long shore drift taking place, which over centuries has produced a spit to wee-wee on the southern tip of Holderness, called Spurn Head spit. The spit is over 4km long and 100 meters wide. The majority of this coastline is glacial till, a soft fragile material, which is easily eroded. This however is not thought of as the only reason for the rapid rates of erosion. Human interference is thought to be another cause, as a result of the sea defenses put in place. A rock groyne was built at Mappleton, to create a wider beach. This in turn would help protect the co astline, by absorbing the wave energy. Then at Withernsea a concrete sea wall with a splash back and boulder rip-rap in nominal head of it was created. These defenses were to cause great problems. The groyne meant that material moving down the coast by long shore drift would get stuck behind the groyne.

Sons and Lovers :: Free Essay Writer

Sons and LoversThe Parallels Between Two FamiliesIt is morning again, and she is still here... These are the words D.H. Lawrence wrote to a friend describing his terminally ill m another(prenominal) in 1913. I explore at my mother and think O Heaven-is this what life brings us to? You see mother has had a devilish married life, for nearly forty years- and this is the conclusion- no relief. (Barons Educational Series, 1993). At the time this letter was written Lawrence was fictionalizing his relationship with his mother, as well as the rest of his family, in the novel Sons and Lovers . In the novel the Lawrences would be named the Morels, but though the names are different there are many parallels between Sons and Lovers and Lawrences own life. These parallels are what make the novel in truth autobiographical. However, the strongest evidence of the autobiographical nature of this novel exists in the comparisons between Lawrence and his parents with their fictional counterparts in the book. David Herbert Lawrence was born in 1885, in Eas cardinalod, England. Eastwood is an industrial town, the main industry world coal mining. In the novel, Eastwood becomes the town of Bestwood. As in the novel, Lawrences family was poor and working class. Lawrence was a sickly child (Croom, 1996). He had bronchitis a mere two weeks after he was born, and lung problems would plague him all his life, eventually developing into repeated bouts of pneumonia which permanently weakened his lungs (Meyers, p. 248). Eventually, it was tuberculosis, which attacked his weakened lungs, that killed him (Moynahan, p. xiii).At that time, one of the few ways for a poor person to better himself was through education. Lawrences mother Lydia recognized this, and encouraged it in young Lawrence. Lawrence started school at the early age of four, but it proved too much for the child. He was withdrawn from school and did not return until he was seven years old. The fact that he was older than the other children when he reentered school set him apart socially. He had few friends, and instead sought out the company of his younger sister, Ada. Despite Lawrences late start, he did well in school, and became the first pupil in his school to win a scholarship to Nottingham High School (Croom, p.

Sons and Lovers :: Free Essay Writer

Sons and LoversThe Parallels Between Two FamiliesIt is morning again, and she is st mishap here... These are the words D.H. Lawrence wrote to a friend describing his terminally ill mother in 1913. I look at my mother and think O Heaven-is this what life brings us to? You see mother has had a devilish wed life, for nearly forty years- and this is the conclusion- no relief. (Barons Educational Series, 1993). At the time this letter was written Lawrence was fictionalizing his relationship with his mother, as well as the rest of his family, in the novel Sons and Lovers . In the novel the Lawrences would be named the Morels, but though the names are different there are many parallels between Sons and Lovers and Lawrences feature life. These parallels are what make the novel truly autobiographical. However, the strongest evidence of the autobiographical nature of this novel exists in the comparisons between Lawrence and his parents with their fictional counterparts in the book. D avid Herbert Lawrence was born in 1885, in Eastwood, England. Eastwood is an industrial town, the main industry being coal mining. In the novel, Eastwood becomes the town of Bestwood. As in the novel, Lawrences family was poor and working class. Lawrence was a sickly electric shaver (Croom, 1996). He had bronchitis a mere two weeks after he was born, and lung problems would plague him all his life, eventually developing into repeated bouts of pneumonia which permanently weakened his lungs (Meyers, p. 248). Eventually, it was tuberculosis, which attacked his weakened lungs, that killed him (Moynahan, p. xiii).At that time, one of the few ways for a poor person to better himself was through education. Lawrences mother Lydia recognized this, and encouraged it in young Lawrence. Lawrence started teach at the early age of four, but it proved too much for the child. He was withdrawn from school and did not return until he was seven years old. The fact that he was older than t he other children when he reentered school set him apart socially. He had few friends, and instead sought out the company of his jr. sister, Ada. Despite Lawrences late start, he did well in school, and became the first pupil in his school to win a scholarship to Nottingham High naturalise (Croom, p.

Observation Guide: Observation Assignment Essay

Socializationgive and take within the make (e.g. sharing, deciding rules of the game, winning and losing) give and take outside the play (e.g. deciding what game to play, what the rules will be) sex rolesactions allowed and not allowed by adults (e.g. rough play, dangerous play, war play, or other restrictions on play, no running, no toys at school) value perception reflective of the adult world (e.g. I am good at baseball)Mt. San Antonio CollegeCHLD 10 Observation Guide Observation AssignmentSelf-Awareness tangible limitationspreferencesself-regulation, control of temperskill comparison to otherspersistence in the face of failureempathy (aware of how my actions touch on others)Therapeutic Valuerelease of tension and stress rule of emotionsrelease of anger in a socially accepted waytest fearmastery of rolesMoral Valueadherence to rulesfair teamsincluding and excluding peckrunning up the scorecriticizing and hurtful wordsMt. San Antonio CollegeCHLD 10 Observation Guide Observation AssignmentASSIGNMENT SUMMARYUse the data peaceful in your observations to answer the following questions1) What aspects of play contribute to this childs physical learning?2) What aspects of play contribute to this childs cognitive development?3) What aspects of play contribute to this childs social and emotional development?4) Speculate on a microsystem influence on this childs play5) Speculate on a macrosystem influence on this childs play6) Articulate how a future illness, Injury, or disability might affect this childs ability to participate in the play you observed

Knowledge Is the Ultimate Power

Knowledge is the Ultimate power by jayaram Dear friends, dedicate you ever gazed at the night sky and wondered What is this Universe? Why is the universe the way it is? Where did we come from? How long our Earth and human race last for? I think everybody has these questions at least once in their life and we may have a little bit answers. If you want to get better answers, you moldiness read an awesome book called A brief history of time written by Stephen William Haw magnate mainly for a layman. Stephen William Hawking is a cosmologist, Physicist and Mathematician who is believed to be unmatched of the greatest minds and a living genius.How you will feel if one day you come to know that you are going to die within twain years? We will lose our heart. We will lose our future dreams. Some fellows will start to enjoy whatever they wanted to enjoy in their wide-cut life. Some fellows even will try to suicide or start to abuse the God like why the god cursed me? The Same amour happ ened to Hawking. At the age of 21 he was diagnosed with the incurable disease ALS shortly before his marriage, and doctors said he would lost control of his muscles day by day and would not survive more than two years.At first, Hawking was shocked and upset. He could not find any reason for living except one goal to complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all. He lost the use of his arms and legs. Fortunately the progress of his illness slowed mess Despite his growing physical disabilities, he determined to live and make professional progress in the world of science. Hawking explained the beginning of the universe with the table service of black holes which Einstein couldnt answer.Unfortunately at the age of 42, Hawking caught pneumonia and had a tracheotomy operation, which made him voiceless and as of now he has been almost on the whole paralyzed. To communicate he has been using a voice synthesizer which auto-completes the words entered through a sensor on his cheek. He can speak only if 4 words for a minute. Inspite of all disabilities he wrote 6 books through which he changed the perception of human beings about the universe. He had a zero-gravity space outflow to encourage public interest in space.He had an attractive family. He got Presidential Medal of Freedom the highest civilian honor in the United States. He is the king of cosmology not because of political power he has everything not because he is a billionaire. He is a celebrity not because he is a Hollywood or pop hero. He has sold more books on physics than Madonna has on sex. All is because of his search for truth, Quest for Knowledge and knowledge is the final power. The world of knowledge is waiting for our contribution. Let us add something to it.

Mensa Strategy Essay

A five-year strategic planMensa has been engaged with the various businesses, which include case, forest products, energy and financial services businesses. thither is a trade of change on multiple levels of the alliance which is necessary for Mensa to achieve profitableness. This strategic plan bequeath leave behind the correct direction to the business to achieve this goal. Mensa will need to implement a variety of different techniques in prescribe to become a successful amazeing business. Without the changes outlined in this strategic plan, the company faces significant financial distress. Mensas Financial Services BusinessThis business provides insurance, mortgage loan, real state financial services and consultancy services to its customers. It was not a huge business but the management had done a good job with cash f small and profitability for the size of the business. They had proven their know how by selecting target markets and avoiding any serious head-to-head compe tition with competitors, this helped in creating a bright outlook for this section of Mensas business. Therefore, it will be discover for the soused to expand this business.I suggest increasing the size of the operation. In order to be able to accession the sales and returns within this sector, there needs to be capital enthronisation. I agree with the outlook, the firm should invest $250,000,000 initially and could increase it to $300,000,000 in the following 5-7 age, with a decrease to $100,000,000 a year at that time. This will generate $200 million to $300 million for the business, at the end of the investment period. Although this will be a lot of upfront investment, the huge increase in profitability will be worth the money spent. Increasing the size of this sector of the business is a good move for the company, which will provide them with a significant amount of returns. Mensas Energy BusinessMensa energy division deals with the exploration, development and exertion o f the oil and gas. Acquisition of EasyGas Energy was beneficial to the firm, as it was the sole supplier of natural gas to Florida. This business has strong position in some segments the demand for oil and gas would be increased by following(a) years, annual prices for oil and gas will also increase.The consultant felt that demand and supply picture is increasing and would be favorable for those firms that had developed the business earlier.However, according to the consultant, it would not be favorable to invest more in exploration and production, so Mensa should expand this business through intensification strategy. As the production would peak from 2002 to 2010, they advised that their existing reserves and the land they own would only increase in value over time, even though Mensa could never grow to be competitive within this industry due to the size of their existing competitors. The Florida pipeline in this sector is a significant tool for improvement in profits, as the cas h flow for this business was estimated to increase $100million to $300million in year 5. For exploration and production division, if divestment strategy is followed then the division could be sold for $1,560,000,000 at present and it will be increased up to $2,000,000,000 within 5 to 6 years. The profits would be increased by 8-10%, with a focus on building supplies of both oil and gas. Mensas packaging businessMensas packaging business had three major markets Food and Beverage, Specialty Packaging, and International. This sector was economically sensitive, as it was difficult to build any competitive advantage. This packaging business would be very expensive as customers required new technologies that led to high charges while customers create serious pressure to reduce prices, and Mensas technology was already outdated. The consultant also felt that profitability would decline over the next several years in the packaging division, and would be negative $100,000,000 in year 6 and declining by 20% each year thereafter. With this being said, it is better to shut down this business. It would bring about $1,200,000,000 which is approximately 70% of book value. In this business, the potential for improvement was very low, due to the high customer demands and the circumstance that there wasnt much the Mensa could do to gain a competitive advantage. Given that this is the case, it is in Mensas best interest to sell off the packaging portion of its company to save itself from future negative cash flows. Mensas forest product divisionThe forest product division of the Mensa has suffered poor preventivemaintenance practices and inadequate training of the employees this had a negative impact on production. The forest production division contains two plants, the poster board and the timber plant. In the paperboard division, Mensas competitors were building new plants that would produce higher quality products at a lower cost.This caused to decline in profitability and along with return on investment. The cash flows for this sector would go negative for next six years. Consultants felt that the range for negative cash flows would be $100,000,000 to $125,000,000. They also valued the company at $600,000,000 if it were to be sold today. In the timber plant, there was low level of price fluctuations due to the nine holdings which Mensa owned. This is a valuable asset for them.Although the business had competitors in a large number and faced tough competition, there were chances to increase profits. The value of assets would increase by 20% over the next six years and then by 60% in the following ten years. As the firm has a good amount of holdings within this sector, which helps them resist large fluctuations in costs, it would be a good business move for them to remain within this sector at least as a timber holder. In order to continue to be successful at either plant, Mensa would need to increase employee training and maintenance standards, to re duce the negative impact on production. RecommendationsI recommend that Mensa utilizes a variety of strategies to help increase profitability. First of all, they need to expand their financial services division as this will generate large amounts of profits. This profitability created, will be used to invest in other divisions within Mensa. The energy sector of the company, will expand the Florida pipeline as this is a low investment dollar figure for the company, and has huge returns that will continue to increase over time as gas prices increase. This sector should also stop investment in exploration and production as it will create large negative cash flows for approximately the first nine years.The packaging business is possibly the most detrimental division at Mensa. It has faced multiple problems and has negative cash flows, with this being said it is in Mensas best interest to disrupt this portion of the company. Forest product business includes different products and there is a need to apply stability strategy so to improve functional performance. There is a lot oftraining that needs to be conducted within this sector to increase production and therefore profitability.

My American culture, but not my religion

Holding the values and beliefs of a religion other than Christianity often makes one wonder if they deport broken the norms of American society. A norm, as defined by Miller (2002), is a generally agreed upon standard of how people should behave, usually unwritten and knowing unconsciously. While many Americans practice Christian beliefs, one of the benefits of living in a free nation happens when all religious denominations can practice their opinion in peace, regardless of the majority preference.The list of Christian denominations includes Catholics, Protestants, Baptists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Anglicans, Eastern Orthodox, Methodist, Presbyterian and many others. Being an individual who reads of, and practices, many religions both old and sensitive in the manhood I do not follow Christian beliefs. I would rather define myself as a mystic or perhaps even shaman since I have inclinations towards honoring the earth, nature and spirits this is also a common practice among Na tive Americans.Salvation, or offering oneself up for saving by another being such as Jesus pre dominantly occurs in Christianity. However, I am at odds with this idea in my own eldritch practice. My beliefs stand in contrast because in my mind each person has the capability to save themselves, if they would only realize that inner strength. Of course, going to a sunlight service and honoring holidays such as Christmas and Easter are practices that I do not partake in either. However, I do honor the Solstices, which authorize surprisingly close to many of the Christian holidays.Being a mystic in a predominantly Christian humankind can make for a lonely but very peaceful existence if you allow it. While others scurry around buying gifts during the Christmas rush, I tend to my natural wares, making blankets, preserve goods and handcrafted candles along with other natural gifts for those in my family who are Christian. It saddens me at winter time to hear everyone complaining about how much the Christmas gifts they have to buy forget cost them and how they need to spend a great deal of care budgeting for their gift expenses.Everyone feels so pressured and rushed to get to the stores to find the perfect gift. While the equalizer of the world worries away their time, I relax on the sofa watching television and knitting another new blanket. At this point, when I am at odds with not only Christians but a capitalist nation (the dominant gloss) that values material goods, I wonder if I am curiously selfish for not wanting to deal with the stress and headaches of grumpy customers standing in line at the stores.Luckily though, I am American by birth so although my religion may differ from the majority, I still blend in rather effortlessly with society. Other groups, such as new immigrants to this country struggle with many obstacles as they adapt to their new home. They must learn a new language, find employment and maybe need to seduce some education to foste r them gain the financial means to support their families.This can present huge difficulties to immigrants since Americans predominantly handle English and the business world can show prejudice towards people who do not have decorous training in American based education systems. New immigrants must also learn the laws of our nation and the subliminal norms that we hold. One popular norm, for example, being that little boys wear blue and girls wear pink.Being part of the dominant culture I do not have to deal about figuring out such subliminal norms, I learned them as I grew up in this society. Nor do I have to worry about building socioeconomic status and attaining education and training in American schools to find and adequate job. I have already had that training, and luckily a stable financial background for building my own monetary status.Also, one of the blessings of being in the dominant culture allows me to understand how to behave in public gatherings. I know that I am no t supposed to talk in class, or speak out loud during funerals. As an American I should not often show emotion either, crying in public is somewhat taboo. We tell our children to swash it up, or act equivalent a big boy or girl when they have the urge to cry. These few examples show the norms that we learn growing up as American that other groups have to face and adapt to when living in the nation.Getting back to the issue of religion, standing outside of the cultural norm in terms of popular faiths has its benefits. When voting, I do not have to depend upon a candidates religious background or goals to help me decide which person I think would make a better leader.As I have mentioned before I also do not have to spend a great deal of money on gifts for various Christian celebrations either. When crisis strikes, such as the priest scandal ongoing in the Catholic Church, I do not have to worry that my children have been hurt by people we call on to save our souls or marry us to th e Divine. One thing I do enjoy is that I can reach to charity of my own choosing and am not obligated to give part of my funds to any one church.Overall, standing outside of the cultural norms of Christianity in the American culture has benefits, some of which have been mentioned in this essay. Being an American born citizen also gives me great advantages to help me blend into the society despite my varying religious beliefs.Other individuals such as immigrants have to struggle with things like learning a new language, discovering subliminal social norms, and attaining adequate education in the American school system that mainstream society does not have to worry about. I believe that I am very lucky to have the ability to stand both inside and outside of popular culture, because it gives me a salutary rounded perspective as to how both sides, the included and the excluded can feel.ReferencesDubois, N. (Ed.). (2002). A Sociocognitive Approach to Social Norms. New York Routledge.Mi ller, B. D. (2004). Cultural Anthropology (2nd Ed.). Boston Allyn & Bacon.Pettit, P. (2002). Rules, Reasons, and Norms Selected Essays. Oxford Clarendon Press.

Concrete Operations Stage

concrete operations argon the third stage of Piagetian cognitive development, during which children develop logical that not abstract thinking (Papalia p. 351). The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children authorize a better understanding of moral operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. Piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were fairly good at the call of inductive logic.Inductive logic involves going from a specific experience to a full general principle. On the otherwise hand, children at this age have difficulty using deductive logic, which involves using a general principle to determine the outcome of a specific event. This stage is also characterized by a loss of egocentric thinking. Egocentrism is Piagets term for in mightiness to consider another persons point of v iew a characteristic of young childrens thought (Papalia p. G-3). During this stage, the child has the ability to master close to types of conservation experiments, and begins to understand reversibility.Conservation is the realization that quantity or amount does not change when nothing has been added or taken away from an object glass or a collection of objects, despite changes in form or spatial arrangement. The concrete operational stage is also characterized by the childs ability to coordinate two dimensions of an object simultaneously, arrange structures in sequence, and transpose differences between items in a series. The child is capable of concrete problem-solving. Categorical labels such as add or animal are now available to the child.The first, and nigh discussed, of these limitations is egocentrism. The pre-operational child has a self-centred view of the world (Smith, Cowie and Blades, 2003, p. 399), meaning that she has difficulty understanding that other people ma y see things differently, and hence hold a differing point of view. Piagets classic test for egocentrism is the three mountains task (Piaget and Inhelder, 1956), which concrete operational thinkers merchantman complete successfully. A second limitation which is overcome in the concrete operational stage is the perceptual domination of one aspect of a situation. in advance the stage begins, the childs perception of any situation or problem will be dominated by one aspect this is best illustrated by the chastisement of pre-operational children to pass Piagets conservation tasks (Piaget and Inhelder, 1974). Perhaps the most important limitation, yet the most difficult to describe and measure, is that of the turn to logical operators. A pre-operational child will use mostly simple, heuristic strategies in problem solving. Once a child reaches the concrete operational stage, they will be in possession of a alone new set of strategies, allowing problem solving using logical rules.This new ability manifests itself most clearly in childrens justifications for their answers. Concrete operational thinkers will explicitly state their use of logical rules in problem solving (Harris and Butterworth, 2002). This area also indicates the way in which the concrete operational stage can be negatively defined although children can now use logical strategies, these can only be applied to concrete, immediately present objects. Thinking has become logical, but is not yet abstract.These shifts in the childs thinking lead to a number of new abilities which are also major, positively defined characteristics of the concrete operational stage. The most frequently cited ability is conservation. Now that children are no longer perceptually dominated by one aspect of a situation, they can track changes a good deal more easily and recognize that some properties of an object will persevere through change. Conservation is always gained in the same order, firstly with respect to number, fo llowed second by weight, and thirdly by volume. A second new ability gained in the concrete operational stage is reversibility.This refers to the ability to mentally trace backwards, and is of immense help to the child in both their problem solving and the knowledge they have of their own problem solving. For the former this is because they can see that in a conservation task, for example, the change made could be reversed to regain the original properties. With respect to knowledge of their own problem solving, they become able to retrace their mental steps, allowing an entirely new level of reflection. Concrete operational children also gain the ability to structure objects hierarchically, known as classification.This includes the notion of class inclusion, e. g. understanding an object being part of a subset included within a parent set, and is shown on Piagets inclusion task, asking children to identify, out of a number of brown and bloodless wooden beads, whether there were m ore brown beads or wooden beads (Piaget, 1965). Seriation is another new ability gained during this stage, and refers to the childs ability to order objects with respect to a common property. A simple example of this would be placing a number of sticks in order of height.An important new ability which develops from the interplay of both seriation and classification is that of numeration. Whilst pre-operational children are obviously capable of counting, it is only during the concrete operational stage that they become able to apply mathematical operators, thanks to their abilities to order things in terms of number (seriation) and to split numbers into sets and subsets (classification), enabling more complex multiplication, division and so on. Finally, and also following the development of seriation, is transitive inference.This is the name given to childrens ability to correspond two objects via an intermediate object. So for instance, one stick could be deemed to be longer than a nother by both being individually compared to another (third) stick. Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence). This stage (characterized by 7 types of conservation number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, volume), intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible). Egocentric thought diminishes.

Autism a Communication and Social Disorder

Autism is a brain disorder that is characterized by impaired social interaction and delayed communication skills. (Segal, 1996) Children with Autism show signs of delay in the original two years of life. Many times upraises nonice that their fry demonstrates repetitive behaviors, or likes to spin objects, line things up or has an affinity for sameness. Some infantren with Autism fill difficulty with transitions from bingle activity to an another(prenominal) and are not able to regulate their senses. The range of these behaviors varies and that is why Autism is c solelyed a spectrum disorder.Many times, children will exhibit matchless or several of the symptoms. Children who exhibit fewer symptoms are diagnosed with PDD or Pervasive Developmental Delay, while children who have numerous of the symptoms are termed Autistic. There is recent search that shows that autism whitethorn be ca utilise by genetics which are related to how the brain start outs in early childhood.In th e article, Autism and Brain increment, Nancy Shute reports that some kind of mutations of genes that are authorised to language development may be the cause of autism in some children. Daniel Geschwind is researching the fact that these genes are sometimes turned on or off depending on the brains experiences. (Shute). There is also a chance that structural damage will be found, and this damage could be anything from microscopic to the grossly visible, from faults inside nerve cells to untimely development of whole cell systems. (Frith) The causes of Autism are still being explored, but the more important thing is how people are diagnosed and treated for it. The symptoms of Autism are variable, and usually different in from each one child.Delay of language development, lack of social skills and lack of eye contact are a few of the symptoms. Because there is a range in the severity of the symptoms the diagnosis and treatment of autism varies and is an interesting process. The diagnosis of autism is based on a behavioral check list. Because a diagnosis is a label or shorthand for treatment, it needs to correspond to the services to the child needs in the immediate future. (Siegel) The parents, teachers, developmental pediatrician and sometimes other therapists all contribute to the assessment.The CHAT, Checklist of Autism in Toddlers is one counselling that pediatricians screen children under 2 years old for Autism. For children 4 years and older, a Social Communication Questionnaire is a lot used. These screenings rely on parent report and the observation of a diagnostic squad. Then the child will be referred to a developmental pediatrician or a psychologist who is trained in diagnosis of Autism. There are several diagnostic tools, usually developmental checklists, and parent report along with a team of professionals who look at the behavioral symptoms that are characteristic of this disorder.The team of professionals who diagnosis autism typically include the parent, talk therapist, teacher, pediatrician and occupational therapist. The most widely used diagnostic tool for Autism is the ADOS, (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule). The North Bay Regional Center uses this to diagnose children with autism in this area. There are also other centers, the capitulum Institute with is part of the University of Davis medical Center, where they focus only on diagnosis of Autism spectrum disorders. Bryna Siegel is a Psychologist who works at UCSF and has her avow diagnostic clinic.Each case of autism has its own private characteristics ranging between its cause, its diagnosis and the life long treatment. After being diagnosed, different therapy options are presented PECS, play therapy and discrete trial are the three more commonly used treatments. What is lift out for children with Autism is an early diagnosis, and intensifier speech and language therapy which includes the family. Dr. Stanly Greenspan has developed the Floortime approach to protagonisting families learn to interact with their children. Autism and ASDs involve difficulties in relating forming relationships, communicating, and thinking. (Greenspan) Play therapy also gives parents a chance to learn to communicate nonverbally with their autistic child.One of the most effective styles of play therapy is called floor time. In playacting with their child, parents plunder help her develop her social skills and also connect with their child through this nonverbal style of communication. The floor time/play therapy that a speech therapist directs is used to harness the childs natural interests. (Greenspan) in doing so they are able to get a picture of what she finds enjoyable, what motivates her. (Greenspan) and is considered as the best method for supporting the language and social communication development of the child with autism.Speech therapy is one of the most important pieces of the team approach to help children with Autism develop socia l and communication skills. The goal of speech therapy in working with children with autism is to help the child communicate her needs and wants. A circumstantial therapy program is individualized for each child. There are as many programs as there are children. There are a wide range of therapies that facilitate language development in children with Autism. Normally language and play go off one another when both are impaired they are likely to mutually moderate the development of the other. (Siegel)While there are other therapies, play therapy is considered one of the most effective ways to understand nonverbal communication in autism. Children with Autism can benefit from play therapy. The therapy is based on the childs own interests. Children with autism do not play with toys in a functional way. One thing that is lots different about the sensory development of autistic children is its repetitiveness. This is also referred to as perseveration.Instead of pulling a string or ha ndle on a speak and say five or six times, the autistic of PDD child may engage in such an activity for 20 legal proceeding without stopping. (Siegle) Play therapy teaches the child to play with toys in ways that use imagination and are symbolic. And since imagination is obscured in autistic minds this is very important. Even though it may not be clear in a young child it can be notice in some situations such as a Two year old autistic children (who) play telephone. They pick up the telephone receiver and punch the buttons on the toy phone.Then they put the receiver down, less often will you see the autistic two year yammering, as if talking to someone. What is really never seen in the successive calls say to grandma, plentiful bird, or the family dog. That type of elaboration on a toy thing is beyond the slope of imagination of most autistic children instead, the physical actions copied strictly from what has been keep ond in the past is playlalia. (Siegle) Play and speech therapy, paired with pictures is one of the ways that speech therapists and parents encourage language. Often the child with Autism uses a picture to exchange for a desired item this is called PECS.This picture exchange system is important and can be used after observing and playing with the child to determine what toys the child is interested in. It is used as a stepping stone for communication with the outside world. The picture exchange system is a way for children with Autism to communicate using pictures. This is a good way for them to make their needs and wants met. Many children with autism have tantrums or do not want to cooperate with their teacher or parents.The best way to find out what a child with autism wants is to use this simple system. Since many people on the autism spectrum tend to learn visually, it makes good sense to communicate with images. tho as important, images are a universal means of communication and they are just as understandable by strangers or you ng peers by parents or therapists. (Rudy) When the parent knows what the child wants, they can use the picture of the desired item as a reinforcer to help the child cooperate with the parents directions. Sometimes the parent will offer the child two pictures as choices. Other times the parent can use the picture of an activity that needs to be finish and a picture of a desired item.Then the parent can say, first wash hands and then you can have bubbles. The child learns this process and is able to communicate, and follow the parents directions. There is a more complex style of picture exchange system where the speech therapist starts with one item paired with an object. The speech therapist then asks the child want cookie, showing the child a picture of a cookie and the cookie. When the child understands that the picture represents the cookie then the child is ready to use the pictures for other choices. Later the child is using pictures to help form sentences.There are many ways that speech therapists use pictures to encourage language. Often the speech therapist works with the behaviorist to develop a system that will provide reinforcers for the child. These reinforcers help the child to stay motivated during therapy. The behavioral therapy or Discrete Trials therapy is often used along with speech therapy.Discrete trial training is conducted using intensive drills of selected materials. A specific behavior is prompted or guided, and children receive reinforcement for proper responses. (What is Discrete Trial Training? This is a program that teaches a child with autism specific information in small units which are less distracting for the child. Because children with autism are so distractible or may want to obsess on spinning or other behaviors, the discrete trial helps them to focus on learning vocabulary, names of animals, math and pre reading skills. The occupational therapist is also important to the treatment of children with Autism. This therapist often uses sensory integration techniques to help the child with Autism develop self regulation.Many of the children with autism have self stimulatory behaviors with are sometimes their way to regulate, their senses. These self stimulatory behaviors may not be as effective as the specific movement, vestibular, or deep pressure, proprioceptive, or sensory, touch and brushing that the occupational therapist uses. The parents of the child with autism are invited to observe what the therapist recommends, and then they can use many of the recommendations at home to help calm their child. Many children with autism are sore to loud noises, and are sometimes very sensitive to tags in the back of their shirts, or the seams on their socks.The book, The Out of Sync Child by Carol Stock Kranowitz, has many suggestions for children who are sensitive to noise, light, and touch. The research is clear that the first step is early intervention using a team approach early diagnosis and treatment sp ecific to the individual child is the most helpful thing you can do. Although it takes patience and understanding (with the trial and error) with the numerous treatments available every child can be helped. The diagnosis is the first step, and when treatment is started early, the team approach is the beginning of optimal treatment for the child.

Changing Demographics Essay

New demographic changes, economic globalization, high levels of workforce automation, and pressing health and security issues atomic number 18 intertwined instruments that seem to be ever- changing the global polity. A high level of immigration into countries with a relatively stable economy has tremendous impacts on every facet of the host community. the States has thus gradually become much more diverse and multiethnic than it was in past decades. The impacts of changing demographics besides affect the cultivation sector. In closely American elementary schooltimes, there have been tremendous changes from what was the accustomed status quo legion(predicate) decades ago.Changing demographics in elementary schools can have both many positive and many negative effects. The positive effects are desired, cherished and encouraged while the negative integritys are regrettably unfortunate and measures should be vex in place to reduce their severity. With the increasingly multi ethn ic nature of elementary schools, the students are able to mingle with students from entirely different backgrounds and ethnic affiliations. This has the advantage of allowing intercultural interactions among students of diverse ethnic backgrounds.Difficult actions like the acquisition of unusual languages and cuisine are easily achieved. There are also many reasons to redesign our elementary schools so that they are more international in character. Part of the redesign process is focused on making it easier for foreign students to be fully integrated into the communities contact the schools. Since elementary schools currently have services that reaching far beyond their immediate geographical locality, many graphemes of support services are being dumbfound together to help international students.The management and the faculty of many elementary schools are being oblige to revise their curriculums with the aims of internationalizing them. This acknowledge the introduction of n ew foreign languages into the curriculum. It is now becoming very popular to see elementary schools teach Chinese and Arabic along with the more traditional French and Spanish. The curriculums that are divine by changing demographics are set to make the students become more successful global citizens with adequate information about the world, its people and their traditions.The elementary school teaching profession should become more adept at teaching students of different backgrounds. This will involve professionalism and updated skills on the part of the teachers. Thus, teachers are being forced to go for re-training to be able to meet up with the millennial challenge of teaching elementary students. This is a good omen for the teachers and the schools in general because it could be altogether absurd to use ancient teaching methods meant for Alaska born and based students in a class with mixed ethnicity.Due to the NCLB Act, the local educational bodies are now compelled to raise the standards of education in the various elementary schools to meet up with expectations of the parents that are bringing their children to the school. Some ethnic groups are considered to be defend minorities, and a school could face sanctions if it fails to achieve adequate performance among these groups. Studies have sh deliver that quest for quality education is one of the driving forces in global migration. about of the schools are now raising their standards to complete for the enrollment of students in the schools.The improved standard of education is also making it possible for investments in elementary education to be lucrative. With more foreign students admitted, more funds are being generated. This however, is a disadvantage on the side of the students both local residents and foreign that knobbed often have to pay exorbitant fees for the education. Like the wind, changing demographics blow students about. Sometimes exceptionally brilliant students are coughed in th e wind. If blown to the right school, the skills, talents and abilities of such(prenominal) students could be discovered, polished and utilized to the fullest potential.Some skills are priceless in terms of the prestige that is bestowed on the students, the school and the society. A lot has been said in the positive ways that demographic changes have affected and are currently affecting elementary schools. It would be worthy be also note the problems that changing demographics can bring to the elementary schools. According to recent studies, a high inflow of foreign students into elementary schools has caused an increase in the rate of ethnic intolerance. This is also evident in middle and high schools.More children are having divided regainings about belonging to the school over time. It is common to see students in their own ethnic groups rather than as a class. They tend to associate only with students for same background while these that are not are liberated and ostracized. T he usual tradition of referring to the schools as a community may seem to have been long lost. The variable changes in the education system have greatly change magnitude the worries of some students about their academic performance.Average students may be seen struggling to be in tune with the rhythm. This may be occurring because of the limitations of language barrier and totally different education methods that may lead to problems for them in class. An intense cloud of insecurity also seems to have enveloped the schools. Students of a particular background may feel threatened by students of other backgrounds. Children from Arabic backgrounds may be seen as potential terrorists. There is also a fear students being infected by an unknown disease that was carried by foreign students.In some countries of the world, most citizens are carriers of some types of parasites and possibly strange diseases or diseases such as tuberculosis. When children from that type of background mix with students with whom they dont share close ties with, there is the possibility of them spreading communicable diseases. Competition for the limited available space in the elementary schools which are near by s is also creating problems when more students apply to schools, and various measures are employed to cut down the size.These can include exorbitant fees and overstressing the available academic resources. Being social with other people is the desire of must individuals. While having people thought of as strangers in ones territory may bring suspicions, alienation should never be an option. Children at a delicate stage in their life deserve to be brought up in a loving and severe community and the elementary schools should not be evaluate to be failing in the provision of these. When the influx of immigrants seems to be going at a rate of is alarming, adjustment may be very difficult.The education system is expected to maintain standardized curriculums and it is expected to creat e a proper community that could facilitate qualitative education. Students in elementary schools deserve to be well educated and their satisfaction should not be taken for granted at the expense of anybody everybody should be satisfied. Proper legislation should be put in place to check migration and adequate protection should be given so that elementary schools will not be caught unaware when bad wind blows

Causes And Effects Of Suicide

Suicide is an action whereby a person ends his or her own life. gibe to Conner (2009), the 1 lath main cause of finis for all ages in the united States was suicide in 2005, which is the tertiary leading cause for throng between 15 and 24 years old. This showed that children have a high risk for committing suicide compared to most of the other age groups. High requirements from the parents to the children will lead to increase in rate of death.Firstly, when the requirements from the parents are too high, this causes the children to eel stressful. As the parents want to improve the image of the family, they hold their children to do wear out than the others. Sometimes, as the requirements from the parents are too high, the children will feel stressful. Besides that, when the parents themselves are successful persons, they will expect that their children can be more successful than them. Most Of the rich family would care to send their children to attain a four-year-college degr ee (Child Trends Databanks, 2012).Therefore, children will have negative self- lining because they feel like they cannot reach their parents target (Reader, 2012). Then, because of stress, the children cannot see the requirements and they feel depressed, and then end up will suicide. According to Newman (201 3), if the parents requirements are too high, when children cannot fulfill the requirements, their presumption may be destroyed, and their desire to succeed may disappear. When they feel depressed, they cannot concentrate on doing anything and will get around up on doing anything.According to Lickerish 201 0), depression will cause a person to have thinking like they do not contribute anything to anyone in this world, and it makes no difference even if they do not pull round in the world. Because of that, the person will start to think slightly suicide without letting anyone know about the plan, and finally committed suicide. Next, after the children died, their parents wil l feel sad and regret, some of them which could not accept the naturalism will follow their childrens step, and this causes the rate of death increases.For example, a ether committed suicide by intermission himself on a tree one year after his 16 years old daughter committed suicide (Hurwitz, 2014). This showed that suicide of a person may become a factor that shape other people, for example, families, relatives, and friends to follow the footsteps of the person and commit suicide as well. According to Jejune, Grapnels and Grapnels (201 1), among all the deaths in get together States each year, death by suicide consists of 1. 3%, while for age between 15 to 24, death by suicide consists of 12. 3%.Last but not least, the high death rate is mostly contributed by the unreasonable expectation by the parents. To reduce the rate of death, family acts as the most important character by paying more attentions and taking good care of their children as well as do not make the children fe el stressful. For the children themselves, they should always have positive thinking and get some advices from family or exponent when facing some problems. When a person died, there are some family left by the people and they might commit suicide. So, to reduce the rate of death, we should help them to escape from the shadow of the death of suicide.

The Failure of New York State Bill AO 3001

The current New York State administration has proposed a bill, AO 3001, that would give the g overnor control over scholarships to treat schools. On its face, this idea seems to have several(prenominal) deservingness. The state faces an overwhelming nursing shortage. By the course of instruction 2010, New York State will have 20% fewer gives than demanded by the dexterity of its health occupy facilities.This shortage places everyone connected with these facilities at risk, non only patients and their families, but the health c ar staff as well. With insufficient nurses available to oversee and to provide adequate care, nurses are forced to work longer shifts or extra shifts during the course of each pay period. In increment, some care facilities find themselves replacing full-time nursing staff with either part-time or temporary nursing staff, or supplementing the available nursing care provided with nurses aides trained to take on lower level nursing tasks.In addition to th e lack of available nursing staff, many of those nurses already employed by New York State are nearing retirement age. With so many of the currently employed nurses and nurse educators nearing the ends of their careers, it is becoming even more commanding to bring new nurses into the system before these men and women go steady it. However, New York State Bill AO 3001 is not the manner in which to bring new nurses into the nursing field.According to its summary, the purpose AO 3001 is to provide scholarship and reach funding to individuals who study to enter the nursing profession. These funds would be provided based on sealed criteria and preferences undertake in the bill. Two of these items are similar to that of other awards, in that they c only for evidence of academic merit and for evidence of financial need. However, among other things, preference is given to individuals who have already obtained experience working in a healthcare setting and the highest degree of preferen ce will be given to recipients applying for second or subsequent years of funding (Title VI, Section 2, subdivision 4-6).While some degree of selectivity must be given when allotting scholarships and grants to students, it is the provision that the Commissioner of Education will select between candidates should the number of candidates exceed the number of awards that causes some cin one casern. How will these awards be made and to what criteria? Can we be certain that the criteria being used will be to the best interest of the nursing profession?In addition, the Commissioner can also decide where to assign the nurses who behave this funding. According to Title VI, Section 2, subdivision 7, these nurses must work in a nursing capacity for 18 months or as nurse educators for three semesters at a minimum if they receive these funds, which is a reasonable requirement however, the nurses must also agree to work in a facility that serves Medicaid beneficiaries or social services client, as well. It is reasonable to expect nurses, or any scholarship recipient, to coif certain reasonable tasks to fulfill the requirements of a scholarship or grant. Some teachers, for example, are forgiven their educational debts if they work in certain areas of the country.However, these teachers choose what areas of the country in which they will teach and with which population of students that they will fulfill the requirements of the agreement. To cumber new nurses to working for facilities in which they may not have access to the equipment and to the funds that will alter them to best use and improve upon the skills that they have attained in their education, particularly when this knowledge is fresh in their minds, will simply hurt their futures in the profession.Bringing new nurses into the profession is indeed a major problem facing New York State, as well as other areas of the country. The true difficulty, however, lies with retention once these students have graduated. N urses face schedules that leave them sleep deprived and at risk for injuries. Nurses are often asked to perform their jobs with substandard equipment or with insufficient funding.In many facilities, nurses still do not receive the rate that their positions as highly trained and educated members of the health care profession demand. In addition to all of these things, nurses typically receive inadequate pay for the work that they do, even as they attempt to pay backwards expensive educational loans. A far better solution to the nursing shortage would seem to be a two-pronged attack. First, nurses should be paid at the value of their work to ensure that nurses do not leave the field in search of higher paid work. Second, instead of restrictive scholarships and grants that send nurses to locations decided upon by the Commissioner, a solution similar to that provided for teachers should be offered. Both solutions would leave the decision of who should be a nurse and where these nurses should practice in the hands of those best qualified to decide nurses and other members of the health care profession. recognitionNew York State Assembly. (2007). New York State Bill AO 3001. Retrieved 12 August 2007 from http//assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A03001

How Does Australias Landscape Depicted in Poetry Essay

Australia is a land of dandy contrast and diversity, its physical landscape is one of creationy of its great features, and its diversity is very broad. The verse My earth by Dorothea Mackellar greatly relates to the beauty and size of the Australian landscape. The songs intoxicant by Peter Goldsworthy and Metho-Drinker by Judith Wright relate to the Australias attitudes towards the misuse of drugs and inebriant in modern Australian decree. These issues are also shown a lot in the movie Beneath Clouds, order by Ivan Sen.The verse My country describes Australias landscape with great extent and shows the author loves for this land using many types. In this poem the author tries to bring Australia to its simplest form, the use of poetic techniques such as metaphors and similes, or the use of personification. I love her jewel sea, this metaphor gives the effect of preciousness and shows how special Australia really is to her (Dorothea Mackellar). A nonher example is the quote the pityless blue sky, which is personification and gives the blue sky an attitude towards the land beneath them, and of fetch its referring to Australias drought.The land of the rainbow gold, the author is describing her view of Australia, her love for the country. Another example of how My Country depicts the Australian landscape is using alliteration, for flood and fire and famine, these are all common graphic disasters, showing the complexity of the country, the good and bad side. All you who have not loved her, you will not understand, this quote is the author saying t lid no one will understand her love for the country. alcoholic beverage is a poem that is about the line of alcohol in society, it is written in a premier person form and shows the thoughts of a youth boy using alcohol.The poem is appeals on an emotional level, as it describes the joy of alcohol for teenagers. The quote Surfs up, I said at school. My inebriety friends came smoothen. This quote from the poe m really shows the boys initial attitude towards alcohol, he is looking second and reflecting his times as a teenage boy. This quote relates to Australias diversity as underage drinking is a known problem in todays society. Why such simple gormandize work magic in the mind, this quote gives a good idea of the teenage boys perspective of alcohol at the time, he also refers to it as a rain hat fell from heaven, and also proof of god, these references show his love and reliance on alcohol. The poem relates to Australian society very greatly, it shows the perspective of many teenagers in modern society, also it shows how innocent alcohol can look, precisely still carry the long term effects if abused. Metho Drinker is a poem about a man that is hopeless and near death due to the misuse of alcohol and methylated spirits. Methylated spirits are often a used drug in Australian society today. Unfortunately 73% of users are native, and 60% of that are in outback Australia.It is a big prob lem in todays society. Under the death of winters leaves, this quote is the first line in the poem, it initially creates miserable visual imagery and sets a sad mood. O take from me the weight and waterfall regular time that batters down my weakness the knives of light midsectioned. This quote is describing the mans view on his life, O take from me the weight, he is saying take me from this life of hopelessness. He describes the daytime as the knives of light, he is saying this because the light shows who he has really become. His white and burning girl, his woman of fire, creeps to his heart and sets a candle there. The quote is referring to methylated spirits being his woman of fire, a woman generally being a mans wife and most important intimacy to them. Also the author uses personification by referring to the metho as his white and burning girl.To melt international the flesh that hides from bone, to eat the nerve that tethers him in time. Now the author is creating a grueso me ambiance using visual imagery, it is describing the effects of the metho on the homeless man. It was for death he took her death is but this and notwithstanding he is uneasy under her kiss and winces from that acid of her desire. This quote is the final three lines of the poem, it is describing the mans attitude towards his problems, and he drank the metho in order to take his own life. This poem relates to Australia quite a lot, it shows the perspective of drug addicts, homeless people and alcoholics. There are a lot of problems in Australia regarding unemployment and housing, this creates a very unstable lifestyle for a lot of Australians causing them to lose their homes, family and friends.The movie Beneath Clouds, directed by Ivan Sen is about two young aboriginal teenagers searching for a better life. Lena, a white daughter of an Aboriginal mother and Irish father and Vaughn, an aboriginal boy in minimum credential prison in North West NSW. Striking events throw them tog ether on a move around with no money and no transport. To Lena, Vaughn represents the life she is runnel away from. To Vaughn, Lena represents the society that has rejected him. And for a brusk amount of time they experience happiness together.The movie is set in the outback of New federation Wales, showing a very broad landscape background for 70 percent of the movie. It is set give care this to show the emptiness of the town, and to show how far away general society is. Lena is running away from her family because of the implications that alcohol had on her family. Before she runs away she looks at a photo of how her family used to be, but previously see the mother drinking and abusing her, and the son getting taken away by the police. alcoholic drink were being drank by both the mother and father, with empty beer bottles over the house, this showing the abuse of alcohol in that household. Vaughn is a 19 year old aboriginal boy who escapes jail and somehow ends up running awa y with Lena. During the journey we see a lot of racism, shown evident in three scenes. The woman thrust on the road, about to pick Lena up, then sees Vaughn and drives straight off, the policemens attitude towards the aboriginal mans car and also when Vaughn walks in to the bar, the mens suddenly find Vaughn shadowy as soon as they see him.This racism is a pure example of Australia and its different perspectives. Australia is a place of6 great diversity and contrast, the poems Alcohol by Peter Goldsworthy, Metho Drinker by Judith Wright and My Country by Dorothea Mackellar prove this in many ways. They show the great beauty of Australias landscape, and explore the different problems of Australian society misusing drugs and alcohol. This is also shown in the movie Beneath Clouds, directed by Ivan Sen.

Quiz 8

Cognitive dissonance possibility is most c areful for understanding the impact of (Points 1) a. frustration on aggression. b. companythink on social conflict. c. deindividuation on the bystander effect. d. team membership on social loafing. e. role-playing on attitude change. 2. comely pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates (Points 1) a. the bystander effect. b. the virtuous moving picture effect. c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. social facilitation. e. group polarization. 3. Although Natalie receives slightly greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in relation to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of (Points 1) a. equity. b. deindividuation. c. the bystander effect. d. social facilitation. e. the mere depiction effect. 4. The hostilities between two rac ial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town.This best illustrates the impact of (Points 1) a. the mere exposure effect. b. groupthink. c. superordinate goals. d. deindividuation. e. the bystander effect. 5. Research participants who worked alongside some matchless who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated (Points 1) a. the mere exposure effect. b. the chameleon effect. c. social loafing. d. deindividuation. e. the bystander effect. 6. When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name.This preference best illustrates the enormousness of (Points 1) a. social traps. b. the mere exposure effect. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. the reciprocality norm. e. deindividuation. 7. Following Germanys drubbing in World War I and the economic chaos that followed, many Germans experienced increasing levels of evil toward Jews. This surge of hostility can best be explained in terms of the (Points 1) a. mere exposure effect. b. reciprocity norm. c. just-world phenomenon. d. scapegoat theory. e. bystander effect. 8.Professor Stewart wrote a real positive letter of recommendation for a student despite his having doubts or so her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more than favorable attitudes about the students abilities? (Points 1) a. cognitive dissonance theory b. social exchange theory c. two-factor theory d. scapegoat theory e. equity theory 9. Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He go on walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed.His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in (Points 1) a. the fundamental attribution error. b. group polarization. c. the bystander effect. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the mere exposure effect. 10. In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought (Points 1) a. three others were pulling with them. b. three others were pulling against them. c. no others were pulling with them. d. no one was monitoring how hard they pulled. 11.Bart complied with his friends request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw testicle at passing police cars. Barts experience best illustrates the (Points 1) a. bystander effect. b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. fundamental attribution error. d. frustration-aggression principle. e. just-world phenomenon. 12. Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way.Friedas unusual behavior is best understood in terms of (Points 1) a. the bystander effect. b. social facilitation. c. deindividuation. d. the mere exposure effect. e. the fundamental attribution error. 13. Marilyn judges her professors strict class attendance policy to be an characteristic of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates (Points 1) a. the mere exposure effect. b. group polarization. c. deindividuation. d. he foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the fundamental attribution error. 14. Compared to their female classmates, college-age men are ________ likely to engage in serious sexual practices and ________ likely to die in auto crashes. (Points 1) a. more more b. more less c. every bit more d. more equally e. equally equally 15. At a social gathering, Latin Amer icans whitethorn behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing (Points 1) a. norms. b. constituent complexes. c. gender identities. . heritability estimates. 16. In emphasizing that the behavioral effects of heredity think on the specific environment in which one is raised, psychologists are highlighting the importance of (Points 1) a. the double helix. b. gene complexes. c. natural selection. d. nature-nurture interactions. 17. Compared to women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual sex with diametrical partners and ________ likely to feel jealous rage over a mates having sex with someone else. (Points 1) a. less more b. more less c. less less d. more more 18.Concepts of maleness and femaleness that influence our perceptions are called gender (Points 1) a. types. b. schemas. c. roles. d. complexes. 19. Identifying some of the specific genes t hat contribute to alcoholism would be of most direct interest to (Points 1) a. evolutionary psychologists. b. molecular geneticists. c. gender schema theorists. d. Freudian psychologists. 20. Adoptive parents are least likely to influence the ________ of their pick out children. (Points 1) a. personality traits b. religious beliefs c. political attitudes d. moral values

Equality and Inclusion in the Health and Social Care or Children and Young People Setting Essay

Diversity erect be expained in many contrastive ways, for example a diverse work force is when a work aggroup has many differences in all(a) contrary aspects, in example a work team which includes different races, ages, gender and interests. Equality is described in which all individuals arre treated equaly, equal oppurtunties plays a big seg handst within the health and social care setting. Discrimination is when an individual is treated unfairly due to certain(prenominal) aspects, for example discriminated agaisnt because of age, race, wake up, interests.Discrimination happens in all settings, social and formal. Within a work setting discrepancy can come across in different ways, for example if a racist team leader had a team member of a different race always giving them harder or more than uncomfortable crafts than the other team members can be classed as discrimination. Discrimination spring ups due to different reasons, whether it is a person may non like another, r acism, sexism and jelousy can progress to tidy sum discriminate.Equal oppurtunities is a ready of legislation perpetrate in to place by the government to help ensure that discrimination does not occur within work settings, so for example when applying for a dividing line you as the applicant should not submit to disclose your religion and/or beleifs, medical information and other pieces of information until your realise do it through to atleast the interveiw stage.Also if helps to ensure discrimination does not arise within the work places, for example that women and men are given the exact same rights and choices when involved within the work setting, also that age, race and sex do not influence people in making desicions. (outcomes 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 3) The government put pieces of legislation in to place to ensure the health and safety of people within the work setting, the equal oppurtunities act was put in to place to ensure every one was treated equaly when withn the work setting.This applies to my job role in ways such as it can be a challenging job, and some service users can show aggressive violent challenging behaviour, so in the example the equal oppurtunities act helps make sure that sexism is not shown, for example, if a violent situation was to arise then the moduleing team beleives that the female staff memebers are just as capable of dealing with the situation as the male staff members. there are ots of pieces of legislation in place to help in supporting staff members in all of the work sectors, for example there is the disability discrimination act, sex discrimination act, racial and religious iniquity act and equality and diversity. All these pieces of legislation are put in to place to help people within all the work sectors and relate to every employee/employer in the country in every job role. Discrimination arises in a lot of work settings even though the government have apply policies and procedures to be followed to help stop discrimination.Discrimination in a work setting should always be challenged and dealt with. For example within a racially diverse work team if racial discrimination was to arise then any member of the team who was aware of this should deal with it in the appropriate manner, in a lot of companies and organisations there will be a whistle blowing policy set in to place. some(prenominal) member off staff that feels disctimination is going on within the work setting has a obligation to report it and go through the whislte blowing procedures to ensure the safety of every staff member within the come with or organisation.In doing so the situation will be dealt with through the approprisate policies and procedures leading to the problem cosmos challenged and dealth with accordingly. ( Outcomes 2. 1, 2. 3) The government help to ensure that all information is accessible as and when needed, there are different government websites that can be accessed through the internet. Also the Citize ns advice bureau is a government ran organisation that is there to give help and support to people with legal matters. Every company or organisation should have all of the policies and procedures set in to place ensuring that all staff can access them.For example some companies may have paper copies stored away on site, others may have electronic copies on a system made accessible to all staff members at any moment. Also most companies or organisations will ensure that each staff member has read through the policies and procedures before starting their job role. This is to ensure that all staff are up to dat with the latest policies and procedures and it helps to ensure staff have a full understanding of the companies rules and regulations put in to place.

FAIRYTALES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FAIRYTALES - attempt ExampleIn this version, the main character, Flossie, is asked by her grandmother to deliver a basket of ballock to angiotensin-converting enzyme of the neighbors. The grandmother, who is referred to in the story as Big Mamma cautions the girl to be wary of the crucify, who is a salubrious kn declare egg connoisseur. Flossies grandmother does non provide the diminished girl with any more(prenominal) information about the foxs outward appearance, and so she sets off without fully understanding what she should avoid. When she reaches a wooded area, she is greeted by the fox who tries to get her to be frightened of him. Moreover, Flossie is not aware of how a current fox looks like and so is doubtful about what the fox is trying to convince her. She keeps on rejecting his assertions until a fierce dog makes it possible for her to continue with her journey after handling the fox, and she is able to deliver the eggs safely to the neighbor. Lessons from Flossies Encounter with the Wolf Flossies discussion with her grandmother on the identity of the fox is quite puzzling at first. It is only later that the reader realizes that Flossies grandmother is quite wise. When Flossie inquired of her grandmother, What do a fox look like? her grandmother simply answered, A fox just be a fox (McKissack and Isadora 5). It is evident that Flossie and her grandmother were living in an area that had umteen dangers. It would appear that Flossies grandmother was trying to raise little Flossie to be self confident and sure of herself plainly to a fault aware of the snares around her. Flossie was sent into the dangerous woods even though her grandmother knew that there was a fox on the prowl. She was also sent carrying what the fox considered to be a delicacy. In her trails, Flossie wondered what she would do if she came upon the fox, but quickly remembered her grandmothers assertion that a fox is just a fox. This could be interpreted as meaning that a threa t is merely a threat and need not amount to its definition. Essentially, the aim of Flossies grandmother was to teach her grandchild how to thrive and live her life in enkindle of being in the presence of constant danger. The fox was actually bigger in size than little Flossie, but the girl was not flustered. Her confidence in demanding that the fox prove who he is threw the foxs confidence off-balance even though he was physically larger than her. This allowed her to continue with her journey confident in the knowledge that the creature she had just met was no threat. CONCLUSION Flossies encounter with the fox might be taken as being representative of a deeper hidden meaning for a race that encountered many problems in bygone eras. It would seem that the moral of the tale was that it is only people who had the power to empower their own consternations. If they did not believe that they could be defeated, then, they would not be defeated. The story of Flossie and the Fox also enco urages people to lookup for deeper meanings in ancient sayings. Flossie chose to take her grandmothers word as truth and it helped her to combat the knavish fox. The story also seeks to encourage people to recognize their own authority. When the fox insinuated to Flossie that she ought to be frightened of him, she replaced his visual sense of himself and his abilities with her vision of herself and what she believed or did not believe him to be. The fox was shaken by the fact that she showed no fear of him and actually took time to chart with him about something that had

Marijuana Legalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marijuana Legalization - render ExampleAccording to the paper findings positive usages include dealing with allergies relating to respiratory problems , digestive factors such as appetite, and most effectively it is used in sexual inhibition processes in certain individuals, mental arouse of an individual under certain depression and other stresses, In all these it has been tested to positive impaction as a result it has been advocated for permitting its usage on legal grounds for medical purposes.This es assure stresses that the view got more intense when it was found out that it can be used for medical purposes, and seeing its Brobdingnagian usage along with medical implications, number of states took steps towards legalizing and qualification it a open market full stop for the adults. Under the garb of federal impartiality, hemp is strictly prohibited and clearly defined rules exist in which any one found in its possession, or under its influence will be dealt with severe ly, the law also defines terms and penalties for its users and its possession holders and suppliers. It is the individual and municipal laws of respective states, that have thought of entertaining the thoughts of legalizing it and making it part of their legal life. Over fifteen states are enrolled in debate and race for making marijuana legal for medical purposes.Comparisons are being drawn between the usage of alcohol and that of marijuana and advocates of it say that it has more soothing effect and less negative impact if it is used in a contained manner.

With reference to Bourdieu's theory of distinction and other Essay

With reference to Bourdieu&aposs theory of distinction and other relevant theorists on social class, give a detailed utilization of how a specific habitus shapes consumer behaviour - Essay ExampleIn this status hierarchy a person develops his/her social class. With reference to 1960s -70s France Pierre Bourdieu has analysed the society in great detail. He worked on how the knowledge and usage of dissentent cultural relics have shaped over time. In addition to this he also examined how the great unwashed develop certain taste for food, clothing, music and their overall lifestyle. Bourdieu also studied the uncountable struggles mingled with various classes and the emergence of their fragmentation in todays niftyist society. He taught people how to wangle their perceptions and expectations when they are at a stage of the hierarchy and at the same time he provided options to people to compete for the class position they desire (Bourdieu, 1984). Some of the concepts explained by Bourd ieu are clarified in the pastime section.The projection of enceinte on to a particular axis with an aim to create a constant, elongate and homogenous series which helps in identifying the social hierarchy involves a tough operation. In doing this, various types of capital are brought down to one single standard. This theoretical phenomenon has an objective foundation exchange rates differ according to the power relation amongst the owners of the capital (Giddens, 1994). There is a prerequisite for reducing the spaces between the capital to one dimension, however, if someone willingly converts the capital, the creation of a two-dimensional space clarifies that the importance of exchange rates. Therefore, Bourdieu has broaden the phenomenon of capital on the basis of an underlying idea in which capital is converted in general sense. Although Bourdieu has not explicitly spelled out the foundation of different types of capitals and their conversion rates they can be deduced by furt her researches. Capital is capable of building a relation between two people in a particular social space, but this principle does not necessarily create an absolute regularize of the society, along

Prepare a memo to the judge.The Honorable Levon Warner.advocating for Essay

Prepare a memo to the judge.The Honorable Levon Warner.advocating for the Drug Treatment Court in lieu of incarceration. As - Essay ExampleTo maintain his habit, Mr. Jones began to commit petty thieving to provide the currency he needed. He was caught and sentenced to Rikers Island for sixty days back in 2008. However, he simply returned to his lifestyle of do drugss formerly he exited the correctional facility. His continuous arrests and repeated removals to Rikers Island have continued since 2008 to the present. His frequent returns to Rikers have proved to a greater extent harmful than beneficial. By returning to Rikers, Mr. Jones learned more effective ways to commit petty larceny in order to provide himself with drugs. A better alternative to Rikers Detention Center is, we believe, a Drug Treatment Court. The ultimate goal of a drug treatment court is to see those convicted of drug possession completely drug-free. They have greatly expanded and improved in New York City over the last several years. One of the first programs to offer an alternative was the Drug Treatment Alternative to prison (USDEA, 2011). It began in 1990 and has been the scene of helping many drug addicts successfully reenter society and overcome their addictions to drugs to this day (USDEA, 2011). This is but one example of how drug treatment courts work.

NETFLIX Strategic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

NETFLIX Strategic Analysis - Research Paper ExampleSmart televisions be getting better and every TV will eventually have Wi-Fi and applications, and will eventually be cheaper.Netflix continuously increases its global internet network as a result of the growth in technology. The follow is expected that the bon ton will in future offer more movies. It may also answer to the expected increase in demand from customers by coming up with its own movie deed company in order to have a variety of movies.The company has invested in grocerying in order to attract people around the world to try Netflix. The company anticipates to spend approximately $500M in 2014 on marketing and $ 400M on technology development in order to improve its services. Considering these initiative, the companys position in the next five years will be able to increase its market share because it is expected that the company will dominate the television show streaming and has a system of expanding quickly in orde r to stay profitable at a global basis (Hill, 2012). The company will be able to compete with companies like Google with its

Mini Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mini Project - Assignment ExampleThe court of debt refers to the trenchant prescribe in which a firm pays to use debt finance. The value is considered to be the analogy of interest on the entire debt value. However, this can be computeed in two approaches namely apostrophize of debt before tax and address of debt after tax. As such, cost of capital before tax get out therefore refer to the useful rate an organization pays for it to use debt finance without incorporating tax fleck cost of debt after tax leave alone refer to effective rate in which an organization ordain pay to use debt finance while considering tax. In relation to GE, the company pays 5.56% for its debt finance annually before tax. The value will translate to 5.35% cost of debt after tax. This implies that the proportion of interest on entire debt value before considering tax is 5.56% while the proportion of interest considering tax is 5.35%. Also, the measure of the cost of debt reflects the risk level of an organization when compared to others. Therefore, when a company records a higher rate in its cost of debt than some other, then it means investing in that company will be more risky. Therefore, a firm that has a cost of debt before tax greater than 5.56% and cost of debt after tax greater than 5.35% is more risky to invest in than GE.Cost of capital is another element that factors greatly in evaluating company performance. Cost of capital refers to the theoretical return an organization will pay for its equity finance as allowance for the risk they undertake in investing in that firm. Currently, GE has a cost of equity rate of 8.81%. The value is averaged by summing the risk free rate with measures of the reward for bearing systematic risk. Therefore, this implies that GE pays 8.81% annually over the long term as compensation to their equity finance providers. However, computing the rate using CAPM has some inherent flaws. The reason behind this view is that the approach uses S&P

Law events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law in timets - Essay ExampleAmong these factors, it is generally considered that regulations pose the most potential threat to some(prenominal) firm doing communication channel. Experts call this as regulatory risks that can alter the way a firm operates, whether it adds to its be or even imperil its existence. An example is clean air standards and higher mileage requirements in the auto industry. The oil industry has likewise adjusted and transitioned to lead-free gasoline in most nations. There atomic number 18 so many rules, regulations, and laws for business firms to comply with, it costs a significant amount to do business nowadays. There are regulations on environment, on workplace safety, consumer protection, employees health, fair competition, taxes and business practices which require substantial ossification or otherwise face stiff fines and penalties. The list is practically endless, such that a recent playing area indicated it costs $10,000 more per worker for a firm to comply with all federal regulations. This paper looks at one such new rule. Discussion The sub-prime housing mortgage crisis which started in late 2007 and which in twirl caused the lingering effects of the so-called Great Recession even until today was due to the indiscriminate and widespread lax lending practices of banks, mortgage associations, and other financial institutions that resulted in easy access to address even for those not qualified. It triggered the worst recession ever since the Great Depression of the 1930s and in turn caused the apply of many venerable lending institutions, forcing the government to bail them out. A host of new laws had been passed to regulate closely all aspects of business operations in order to prevent white-collar fraud, corporate scandals, and other loathly business practices. Among prominent laws passed at that time was the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (or SOX) in which corporate chairmen, board members, and external auditors are jointl y liable for any substantial financial misstatements found on audited financial reports which investors rely upon. The breakable economic deducty has led many economists to term it as jobless growth, because few jobs were created, and many lost(p) high-paying jobs are expected never to return. The financial crisis has spread to Europe and other parts of the world, it has become behavior of a global contagion, in which economies plugged into a globalized world got adversely affected. In America, many homes drop below their original market values, putting homeowners at risk for eviction and foreclosure proceedings from the banks and other walloping lenders. The credit that was so plentiful suddenly dried up, putting many individuals in a credit or cash crunch. Many American individuals and households had also maximized their credit use to such an extent many of them got over-extended when they maxed out their credit cards for purchase of consumer items and durables which they so on regretted. In other words, people were deeply in debt, and in this volatile situation, the lenders and banks soon turned into a more aggressive collection techniques and strategies to recover their

Extent and characteristics of Rape in the United States Research Paper

Extent and characteristics of dishonor in the United States - Research Paper ExampleRape may be carried out on virile or female victim by male or female offender i.e. may be a hetero inner or homosexual activity. versed assaults, apart from violate, also include acted rape whereby victim is threatened with fear of being pull a rape on. It also includes forcibly fondling, touching and grabbing victim in a sexual port against his or her will. The detailed scope of these criminal activities has been discussed later in this paper. National Crime Victimization muckle is conducted semi-annually at national level, examining population of approximately 90,000 people. Interviews are conducted and samples are randomly selected and changed after certain slump of time to identify recurring instances. Responses are critically and thoroughly analyzed before conclusion is make about characteristics and extent of sexual assaults (Rand & Saltzman, 2003). Therefore, results are highly accura te and reliable and have been made as a sound basis of this research paper. This paper entails detailed metrics of occurrence of rapes and sexual furiousness across the United States. It also describes and analyzes the motives behind sexual offences and corresponding preventive measures to mitigate the probability of occurrences of this complaisant evil to a minimum. Scope of activities The legal definition and meaning of activities, involving sexual violence, is contrary according to different jurisdictions and prevailing legal frameworks or constitutions. Sexual violence may include successfully committing, attempting to commit moreover unsuccessful or otherwise threatening to commit such acts of rape or sexual assault. technical pornographic business and professional prostitution are not considered to be part of definition of rape and sexual assaults. There are various modes of sexual assault and victimization, as suggested by Koss, Gidycz and Wisniewski in their book, inclu ding sullen and pressurizing demands by an individual, leading to sexual foreplay or intercourse exploitation of authority or overlooking position by an individual, leading to sexual foreplay or intercourse coercion and physical violence, by an individual, to gouge indulgence in sexual foreplay or intercourse indulgence in sexual intercourse subsequent to being drugged or overdosed with alcohol by another individual attempt by an individual to engage in sexual intercourse through physical force or usage of drugs or alcohol, but intercourse couldnt occur and coercion and physical violence, by an individual, to force indulgence in other sexual activities including anal intercourse, oral intercourse or penetration by sex toys. (Koss, Gidycz & Wisniewski, 1987) Summary of Statistics National Crime Victimization conducts periodic surveys across different territories to identify instances of rapes and sexual violence acts and quantify their frequency of occurrence and other metrics suc h as characteristics of offenders and victims, favorable and uncomplimentary circumstances leading to such situations and other factors that affect the likelihood of occurrence of such evils. According to late(a) statistics obtained through studies and research by these authorities, the aggregate rate of sexual assaults committed with females in the United States declined 64% through 1995 to 2005 and remained static upto 2010. As in 2010, there were 270,000 sexual violence a